Vibrational Spectroscopy of Selected Natural Uranyl Vanadates

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study a selection of uranyl vanadate minerals including carnotite, curienite, francevillite, tyuyamunite and metatyuyamunite. The minerals are characterised by an intense band in the 800 to 824 cm-1 region, assigned to the ν1 symmetric stretching vibrations of the (UO2)2+ units. A second intense band is observed in the 965 to 985 cm-1 range and is attributed to the ν1 (VO3) symmetric stretching vibrations in the (V2O8) units. This band is split with a second component observed at around 963 cm-1. A band of very low intensity is observed around 948 cm-1 and is assigned to the ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations of the (VO3) units. Bands in the range 608-655 cm-1 may be attributed to molecular water librational modes or the stretching modes ￮(V2O2) units. Bands in the range 573-583 cm-1 may be connected with the ￮ (U-Oequatorial) vibrations or ￮ (V2O2) units. Bands located in the range 467-539 cm-1 may be also attributed to the ￮ (U-Oequatorial) units vibrations. The bending modes of the (VO3) units are observed in the 463 to 480 cm-1 range – there may be some coincidence with ￮ (U-Oequatorial). The bending modes of the (V2O2) in the (V2O8) units are located in a series of bands around 407, 365 and 347 cm-1 (ν2). Two intense bands are observed in the 304 to 312 cm-1 range and 241 to 264 cm-1 range and are assigned to the doubly degenerate ν2 modes of the (UO2)2+ units. The study of the vibrational spectroscopy of uranyl vanadates is complicated by the overlap of bands from the (VO3) and (UO2)2+ units. Raman spectroscopy has proven most useful in assigning bands to these two units since Raman bands are sharp and well separated as compared with infrared bands. The uranyl vanadate minerals are often found as crystals on a host matrix and Raman spectroscopy enables their in-situ characterisation without sample preparation

Project management in the organization of start-up events for students

This research aimed to find out the best and most effective Project management practices in organizing start-up events for students. Such events impact start-ups, which directly influence the entrepreneurial society. Start-ups are a vital part of the business environment, as they provide markets with new ideas and attracting more funds to specific business sectors. This study contains theory chapters based on a literature review of previous research conducted in the same field of study. Qualitative methods were used in the study to provide the research with the required ground to justify the study's findings. The primary data collection method being used is in-depth interviews with project managers at organizations that organize start-up events for students. The questions were drafted based on the theory chapters presented in the paper. The respondents for the interviews were selected based on their employed positions and the company matching the field of business with the commissioning party. The research provides an overview of current project management practices in the companies and suggestions for implementing the most effective project management practices which were found during the research. The findings are divided into several categories based on the answers of the interview respondents and the data analysis process, which is described in the study