The history of in-flight exercise in the US manned space program

A historical perspective on in-flight exercise in the U.S. manned space program is given. We have learned a great deal in the 25 years since the inception of Project Mercury. But, as we look forward to a Space Station and long-duration space flight, we must recognize the challenge that lies ahead. The importance of maintenance of the crewmember's physical condition during long stays in weightlessness is a prime concern that should not be minimized. The challenge lies in the design and development of exercise equipment and protocols that will prevent or minimize the deleterious sequelae of long-duration space flight while maximizing valuable on-orbit crew time

Farm policy: justifications, failures and the need for reform

Agriculture ; Agricultural prices

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco Bay, Monterey Bay, and the Gulf of the Farallones, July 1982 to March 1983

Herring stocks were hydroacoustically surveyed and sampled in San Francisco Bay from November 1982 to March 1983. Twelve discrete herring schools were identified, all of which spawned between November 7 and February 23. One additional school was found in the Bay in March but showed no evidence of spawning. Total biomass estimate from hydroacoustic surveys was 67,040 tons. Based on MRR biomass estimates from spawned egg counts, an additional 10,000 tons may have spawned in November and December without being detected hydroacoustically. The largest schools occurred in January and February. Hydroacoustic estimates of biomass for individual schools during the season ranged from 270 to 22,300 tons. Sixty-seven samples, containing a total of 12,232 herring, were collected with variable mesh gill net and midwater trawl or obtained from the commercial roundhaul and gill net fisheries. In general, a trend was observed of decreasing mean size and age as the season progressed. Schools spawning in November and December consisted primarily of 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-yr-old fish. Schools sampled from January to March were predominantly 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-yr-old herring. The 1978, 1979, and 1980 yr classes (ages 5, 4, and 3 yr) were strong, comprising up to 90% of the samples. The 1981 yr class (2-yr olds) was relatively weak. Abundant rainfall and resultant low salinity in San Francisco Bay surface waters apparently delayed or prevented herring from spawning in February and March. A relationship may exist between relative abundance of young-of-the-year fish, as noted from midwater trawl samples collected by the Department's Bay-Delta Study, and the resultant year class strength of newly recruited 2-yr-old herring in San Francisco Bay's spawning stocks. (57pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, studies and fishery management in Tomales Bay, 1993-94, with notes on Humbolt and Crescent City area landings

The 1993-94 spawning biomass estimate for Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, in Tomales Bay declined 40% from last season to 2,449 tons. Although this estimate is below the 20-year average of 4,700 tons, the spawning biomass estimate this year is close to the post 1982 El Nino 11-year average of 2,054 tons. The overall trend of increasing biomass since the 1989-90 season still continues. There were eight distinct spawns this season, the most in five years, with the largest spawn occurring in late January. A total of 3.5 million m2 of eelgrass, Zostera marina, was measured in Tomales Bay this season. Eelgrass density increased in the majority of the beds. The commercial gillnet fleet in Tomales Bay caught a total of 219 tons of herring this season yielding an exploitation rate of 8.9%. Herring aged four, five, and six comprised 90% by number of this season's commercial gill net catch. Mean weight of herring ages three, six, and seven decreased slightly over last season while increases were seen for ages four, five, and eight. Mean length of commercial caught herring increased slightly over 1992-93. Department variable-mesh gill nets caught a total of 455 herring of which 232 were aged. The dominant age class was four-yr-olds comprising 27% of the sample by number, followed by six-yr-olds representing the highly successful 1988 year class. In Humboldt Bay, the 1993-94 commercial catch of 62.8 tons was about 5% over the 1993-94 season quota of 60 tons and was well above Humboldt Bay's 21-year average catch of 40.4 tons. Crescent City area herring fishermen caught 32.5 tons, approximately 2% over the season quota for the Crescent City area. The 1993-94 season commercial catch is well above the 20-year average of 23.7 tons for this area. (31pp.

Practical approaches for application of resistance type strain gages on high temperature composites

Four major areas of interest with respect to utilizing strain gages on carbon/carbon (with SiC surfaces) and titanium matrix composites are addressed. Strain gage and adhesive combinations on carbon/carbon (C/C) at temperatures from minus 190 C to to 540 C, half-bridge gaging for reducing apparent strain on C/C using Poisson's ratio and bending configurations, a review of the 'field installation' techniques developed for gaging a C/C hypersonic generic elevon, and results of initial strain gaging efforts on titanium matrix composites are discussed. Current research in developing techniques for increasing the maximum temperature for strain gages on carbon/carbon are reviewed

Facilitative Leadership: One Approach to Empowering Staff and Other Stakeholders

This article defines facilitative leadership as advocated by Roger Schwarz and describes the use of this relatively new leadership approach in a public library system. It lists and defines the four core values followed in Schwarz???s approach: valid information, free and informed choice, internal commitment, and compassion. It further describes the use of left-hand column cases as developed by Chris Argyris to identify one???s own theory in use. Model one and model two theories in use as developed by Argyris are discussed. The article then briefly describes the experiences of using the Schwarz principles in a library organization.published or submitted for publicatio

Urodynamic pressure sensor

A transducer system was developed for measuring the closing pressure profile along the female urethra, which provides up to five sensors within the functional length of the urethra. This new development is an improvement over an earlier measurement method that has a smaller sensor area and was unable to respond to transient events. Three sensors were constructed; one of them was subjected to approximately eight hours of use in a clinical setting during which 576 data points were obtained. The complete instrument system, including the signal conditioning electronics, data acquisition unit, and the computer with its display and printer is described and illustrated