Changing Income Inequality and Immigration in Canada 1980-1995

While there is a general consensus that income inequality has increased in most developed countries over the last two decades, the analytical focus has been at the national scale. However, these increases in inequality have not been uniform across different segments of society, either in terms of social group or geographic region. In particular, the high levels of immigration to metropolitan Canada have contributed to growing inequality. Using micro-level data on household income from the 1981,1986,1991 and 1996 censuses, this paper identifies the role of immigration and its differential impact on metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. The impacts accelerated during the first half of the 1990s when immigration remained high yet the economy slowed. The evidence suggests that the overall impact of immigration is a relatively short-run phenomenon as recent immigrants take time to adjust to the labour market. If recent immigrants are excluded, inequality is still increasing, but at a slower rate, especially in the largest metropolitan areas.income inequality; immigration

Geographic Dimensions of Aging in Canada 1991-2001

Although population aging at the national level has received much attention, its geographical dimensions have not. Here we explore the demographic processes which underlie population aging at the provincial and metropolitan scale for the periods 1991-1996 and 1996-2001. A demographic accounting framework is proposed which differentiates between the effects of aging-in-place and net migration on population aging. We also examine the relationships between the various measures of aging and social and economic characteristics of metropolitan areas over the two periods. We demonstrate that the path of population aging is susceptible to social and economic context; in particular, the struggles of the British Columbian economy in the second half of the decade and the deteriorating economies of older resources based communities are associated with increases in population aging over and above the general aging taking place in Canadian society.population aging; geographic differences

Defining Benchmark Status: An Application using Euro-Area Bonds

The introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999 created the conditions for an integrated government bond market in the euro area. Using a unique data set from the electronic trading platform Euro-MTS, we consider what is the benchmark' in this market. We develop and apply two definitions of benchmark status that differ from the conventional view that the benchmark is the security with lowest yield at a given maturity. Using Granger-causality and cointegration methods, we find a complex pattern of benchmark status in euro-area government bonds.

Chern numbers and chiral anomalies in Weyl butterflies

The Hofstadter butterfly of lattice electrons in a strong magnetic field is a cornerstone of condensed matter physics, exploring the competition between periodicities imposed by the lattice and the field. In this work we introduce and characterize the Weyl butterfly, which emerges when a large magnetic field is applied to a three-dimensional Weyl semimetal. Using an experimentally motivated lattice model for cold atomic systems, we solve this problem numerically. We find that Weyl nodes reemerge at commensurate fluxes and propose using wavepackets dynamics to reveal their chirality and location. Moreover, we show that the chiral anomaly -- a hallmark of the topological Weyl semimetal -- does not remain proportional to magnetic field at large fields, but rather inherits a fractal structure of linear regimes as a function of external field. The slope of each linear regime is determined by the difference of two Chern numbers in gaps of the Weyl butterfly and can be measured experimentally in time of flight.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures + supplementary material, version accepted in Phys. Rev. B as a Rapid Communicatio