Comprehensive Exordium of Monte Carlo Simulation Technique: An Alternative Approach for Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation

Precise and accurate measurements are essential for reliable experimental investigations and establishments of immaculate scientific theories. It has been realized that the measurement observations are always accompanied by certain reservations, hence to provide quality measurements, systematic assessment of these uncertainties is of much significance. This article attempts to demonstrate the procedure for measurement uncertainty evaluation using Law of Propagation of Uncertainties (LPU) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique as per the recommendations of JCGM 101: 2008 using Microsoft Excel. Interestingly, it has been perceived that the expanded uncertainty values and histograms acquired using Law of Propagation of Uncertainties (LPU) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) are distinctive

Aluminium metal matrix composites: A retrospective investigation

Aluminium matrix composites (AMMCs) are considered to be new generation potential materials for many engineering applications. Different kinds of reinforcement have been infused into the aluminium matrix in order to improve hardness, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, fatigue properties, electrical properties and thermal stability as compared to their conventional unreinforced counterparts. The characteristics of AMMCs depend largely upon the type of reinforcement materials, interface bonding and processing parameters. In this article we have attempted to investigate the development of aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) along with associated challenges and significant application areas

Tribological characterization of eco-designed aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites

47-57In present experimental investigation, wear characteristics of Al 7075-T6/Eggshell/SiC/Al2O3 hybrid composites (Al 7075-T6 as base metal with eggshell particles wt. % 0.5, 1and 1.5, average particle size ~ 60 µm, SiC particles wt. % 1, 1.5 and 2, average particle size ~ 65 µm and Al2O3 particles wt. % 1.5, 2 and 2.5, average particle size ~90 µm) synthesized through electromagnetic stir casting route have been studied at various specimen temperatures under dry and lubricated test conditions. Wear investigations have been conducted on pin-on-disk rotary tribometer at a constant load of 20 N for a sliding speed of 2m/s and sliding distance of 2 km. Tribological attributes of synthesized composites have been evaluated as the function of reinforcements content and mechanical stirring time, as per the design of experiment according to Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Experimental study has shown that at 30 ºC pin temperature under dry wear condition, among the developed hybrid composites, specimen S8 demonstrated a maximum relative decrease of 60% in wear loss while with lubrication the wear loss has been relatively decreased by 89% as compared to the base metal (specimen S0). At elevated pin temperature of 70 ºC under dry wear condition, the hybrid composite specimen S8 exhibited maximum relative reduction of 82% in wear loss whereas under lubricated condition the wear loss has been relatively reduced by 82% in comparison of their unreinforced counterpart (specimen S0). With exceedingly augmented tribological attributes, the current study strongly rationalizes high temperature wear resistant applications of synthesized aluminium hybrid composites with a total reinforcement weight percentage of 4.5% only (specimen S8).

Parametric optimization of fatigue behaviour of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites

For various aerospace applications aluminium has emerged as most preferred material due to desirable attributes such as superior strength to density ratio, greater specific strength, better corrosion resistance, high toughness and cost effectiveness. The most desirable characteristics for aerospace materials are ability to withstand elevated temperature and sustain higher fatigue loadings. Current experimental investigation was carried out to explore and optimize fatigue characteristics of hybrid composites developed by infusing particulate reinforcements into aluminium alloy. Eggshell particles (wt% 0.5, 1 and 1.5, average particle size approximate to 60 mu m), Silicon Carbide particles (wt% 1, 1.5 and 2, average particle size approximate to 65 mu m) and Aluminium Oxide particles (wt% 1.5, 2 and 2.5, average particle size approximate to 90 mu m) were reinforced into Al 7075-T6 metal matrix through electromagnetic stir casting route as per L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi's approach in order to synthesize hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites with enhanced fatigue resistance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also conducted to observe the effect of different process parameters on fatigue life of developed composites. Nine hybrid composite specimens and one as-cast Al7075-T6 specimen (in three replications) were prepared in accordance with ASTM E 468/606 and were evaluated for low cycle fatigue resistance at a constant load of 2 kg and constant speed of 500 rpms on rotating beam fatigue testing machine. It was observed that at 30 degrees C temperature, hybrid composite specimens exhibited significant enhancement in fatigue resistance in terms of reversible load cycles survived. The as-cast Al 7075-T6 specimen sustained only 94 load cycles while the highest number of load cycles i.e. 4560 were survived by hybrid composite specimen with Al 7075-T6 as base metal reinforced with 1.5 wt% of eggshell particles, 1.5 wt% of SiC particles and 1.5 wt% of Al2O3 particles (total reinforcement content only 4.5%) and mechanically stirred for 360 s

Implementation of Monte Carlo Simulation in Evaluation of Uncertainty of Measurement of a Force Transducer

Force transducers have prominently been utilized in numerous scientific, industrial and metrological applications since decades. They have been developed for the measurement of force in lower as well as the higher capacity to fulfil the industrial and technological requirements. Generally, a force transducer is calibrated as per standard process. For the better perceptive, there is a need of well defined calibration procedure in an organized structure according to standard ISO 376-2011. Also, factors affecting the uncertainty of measurement using law of propagation (LPU) method and their analysis have been discussed. The relative uncertainty contributions due to different factors have been explained with suitable mathematical expression. An alternative approach for evaluating uncertainty of measurement is Monte Carlo Simulation Method (MCS) that assigns probability distribution function (PDF) to input quantities and output. Efforts have been accomplished to determine uncertainty of measurement of force transducer using both methods

Mechanical Testing of Hybrid LM30 Metal Matrix Composite Fabricated through Stir Casting Route

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are one of the strongest contenders for the application that demands excellentmechanical and physical properties. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (Al MMCs) are reinforced materials with improvedmechanical and physical properties as compared to the base material. Composite material made through the stir casting processpossesses higher elastic modulus, wear resistance, strength, and fatigue resistance. In the present research work, LM30 alloy ischosen as a matrix material and is reinforced with Zircon Dioxide (ZrO2), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), and Tungsten Carbide (W.C.).A stir casting setup is used to fabricate the three different composites. Composite A, Composite B, and Composite C have thecomposition of (LM30/5%WC/5%ZrO2/10%RSH), (LM30/10%WC/5%ZrO2/5RSH), (LM30/5%WC/10%ZrO2-/5% RHA),respectively. Further, mechanical testing, which includes tensile, compressive, hardness, and Charpy impact tests, has beenconducted. It has been found that Composite B possesses the highest hardness, maximum tensile, and compressive strengthamong all three composite materials

Implementation of Monte Carlo Simulation in Evaluation of Uncertainty of Measurement of a Force Transducer

271-276Force transducers have prominently been utilized in numerous scientific, industrial and metrological applications since decades. They have been developed for the measurement of force in lower as well as the higher capacity to fulfil the industrial and technological requirements. Generally, a force transducer is calibrated as per standard process. For the better perceptive, there is a need of well defined calibration procedure in an organized structure according to standard ISO 376-2011. Also, factors affecting the uncertainty of measurement using law of propagation (LPU) method and their analysis have been discussed. The relative uncertainty contributions due to different factors have been explained with suitable mathematical expression. An alternative approach for evaluating uncertainty of measurement is Monte Carlo Simulation Method (MCS) that assigns probability distribution function (PDF) to input quantities and output. Efforts have been accomplished to determine uncertainty of measurement of force transducer using both methods

Machinability Characterization of Ecodesigned Hybrid Aluminium Composites

Machinability is expressed as the ease with which a material can undergo machining operations with gratifying surface finish and persistent material removal rate. In general, alumiAnium composites are observed to be difficult to machine due to infusion of hard reinforcement particles into metal matrix. In present study, machinability attributes of Al7075-T6/ Eggshell/SiC/Al2O3composites (Al7075-T6 as matrix material infused with three reinforcement materials: eggshell particles with average particle size ~ 60 µm; wt. % 0.5, 1and 1.5, Silicon Carbide particles with average particle size ~ 65 µm; wt. % 1, 1.5 and 2, and Aluminium Oxide particles with averageparticle size ~90 µm; wt. % 1.5, 2 and 2.5,) synthesized through electromagnetic stir casting route, have been investigated with fixed machining parameters (Cutting speed : 6 m/min, Depth of cut: 1mm, Feed rate: 0.3 mm/second and Test duration: 30 seconds). With enhanced mechanical attributes, the machinability of synthesized aluminium composites was realized to remain uninfluenced in terms of proportionate material removal rate (material removal rate of specimen S8: 0.0040g/sec and of specimen S0: 0.0043g/sec) and comparable surface roughness (average surface roughness of specimen S8: 1.02 μm and of specimen S0: 1.15μm). Disposal of eggshells has been listed worldwide as one of the worst environmental problems, hence eggshell powder has been used as one of the reinforcement in order to synthesize ecodesigned hybrid aluminium composites

Microstructure and Wear Study of Al 7075-T6/Eggshell/SiC/Al2O3 Hybrid Composites

In present experimental investigation, hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites were fabricated using stir casting technique by infusing eggshell particles (0.5, 1 wt%), SiC particles (1, 1.5 wt%) and Al2O3 particles (1.5, 2.5 wt%) into Al 7075-T6 metal matrix. The developed composites were further characterized for microstructures using FESEM, X-ray diffractometry and EDS techniques. Tribological behaviour investigations were carried out using a pin-on-disk tribometer for comparative study between as-cast Al 7075-T6 alloy and Al-7075-T6/Eggshell/SiC/Al2O3 composites. During dry sliding wear test at room temperature, there was a decrease of 33% in wear rate, 20% in coefficient of friction and 20% in frictional force of composites, whereas in presence of lubricant, the developed composites exhibited maximum reduction of 85% in wear rate, 46% in coefficient of friction and 46% in frictional force as compared to their unreinforced counterparts. Due to augmented tribological properties, fabricated hybrid composites can reasonably be used for lightweight wear-resistant applications

Tribological Characterization of Ecodesigned Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

Aluminium alloys infused with various reinforcements establish themselves for numerous leading engineering applications. In present study, wear characteristics of Al 7075-T6/Eggshell/SiC/Al2O3 hybrid composites (Al 7075-T6 as base metal with three reinforcements eggshell particles wt. % 0.5, 1and 1.5, particle size ~ 55 µm, SiC particles wt. % 1, 1.5 and 2, particle size ~ 70 µm and Al2O3 particles wt. % 1.5, 2 and 2.5, particle size ~75 µm) synthesized through electromagnetic stir casting route were studied at various temperatures under dry and lubricated conditions. The wear investigations were conducted on pin-on-disk rotary tribometer Make: Ducom, Atlas; TR-20L-PHM 800-DHM 850 at a constant load of 20N for a sliding speed of 2m/s and sliding distance of 2000 meters. Tribological attributes of synthesized hybrid composites were evaluated as the function of reinforcement contents as per the design of experiment according to Taguchi L9 array. Experimental study showed that at room temperature under dry wear condition, the developed hybrid composites had a maximum decrease of 60% in wear loss while with lubrication the wear was decreased by 89% as compared to the base metal. At an elevated temperature of 700C under dry wear condition, the composite specimens exhibited maximum reduction of 82% in wear whereas under lubricated condition the wear was reduced by 82% in comparison of their unreinforced counter parts. With exceedingly augmented tribological attributes, the current study strongly rationalizes high temperature wear resistant applications of synthesized aluminium hybrid composites with a total reinforcement weight percentage of 4.5% only