Bombesin receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

Mammalian bombesin (Bn) receptors comprise 3 subtypes: BB1, BB2, BB3 (nomenclature recommended by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on bombesin receptors, [109]). BB1 and BB2 are activated by the endogenous ligands gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B (NMB) and GRP-(18-27). bombesin is a tetradecapeptide, originally derived from amphibians. The three Bn receptor subtypes couple primarily to the Gq/11 and G12/13 family of G proteins [109]. Each of these receptors is widely distributed in the CNS and peripheral tissues [73, 109, 236, 265, 226, 348]. Activation of BB1 and BB2 receptors causes a wide range of physiological/pathophysiogical actions, including the stimulation of normal and neoplastic tissue growth, smooth-muscle contraction, feeding behavior, secretion and many central nervous system effects including regulation of circadian rhythm and mediation of pruritus [112, 113, 109, 115, 116, 155, 189, 236]. A physiological role for the BB3 receptor has yet to be fully defined although recently studies suggest an important role in glucose and insulin regulation, metabolic homeostasis, feeding, regulation of body temperature, obesity, diabetes mellitus and growth of normal/neoplastic tissues [73, 157, 203, 332]

Bombesin receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Mammalian bombesin (Bn) receptors comprise 3 subtypes: BB1, BB2, BB3 (nomenclature recommended by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on bombesin receptors, [117, 4]). BB1 and BB2 are activated by the endogenous ligands neuromedin B (NMB), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and GRP-(18-27). bombesin is a tetra-decapeptide, originally derived from amphibians and structurally closely related to GRP. The three Bn receptor subtypes couple primarily to the Gq/11 and G12/13 family of G proteins [117]. Each of these receptors is widely distributed in the CNS and peripheral tissues [80, 117, 261, 290, 248, 375, 114, 164, 165]. Activation of BB1 and BB2 receptors causes a wide range of physiological/pathophysiogical actions, including the stimulation of normal and neoplastic tissue growth, smooth-muscle contraction, respiration, gastrointestinal motility, feeding behavior, secretion and many central nervous system effects including regulation of circadian rhythm, body temperature control, sighing, behavioral disorders and mediation of pruritus [153, 211, 255, 117, 205, 261, 318, 70, 35, 345, 212, 36]. BB3 is an orphan receptor, although some propose it is constitutively active [330]. BB3 receptor knockout studies show it has important roles in glucose and insulin regulation, metabolic homeostasis, feeding, regulation of body temperature, obesity, diabetes mellitus and growth of normal/neoplastic tissues [152, 80, 168, 224, 359, 209]. Bn receptors are one of the most frequently overexpressed receptors in cancers and are receiving increased attention for their roles in tumor growth, as well as for tumour imaging and for receptor-targeted cytotoxicity [211, 288, 9, 167, 171, 172, 135, 202]. Bn receptors are also receiving attention because they are one of the primary neurotransmitters for pruritus [36, 127, 35, 318]

Bombesin receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.2

Mammalian bombesin (Bn) receptors comprise 3 subtypes: BB1, BB2, BB3 (nomenclature recommended by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on bombesin receptors, [115]). BB1 and BB2 are activated by the endogenous ligands neuromedin B (NMB), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and GRP-(18-27). bombesin is a tetra-decapeptide, originally derived from amphibians. The three Bn receptor subtypes couple primarily to the Gq/11 and G12/13 family of G proteins [115]. Each of these receptors is widely distributed in the CNS and peripheral tissues [78, 115, 249, 278, 237, 362]. Activation of BB1 and BB2 receptors causes a wide range of physiological/pathophysiogical actions, including the stimulation of normal and neoplastic tissue growth, smooth-muscle contraction, gastrointestinal motility, feeding behavior, secretion and many central nervous system effects including regulation of circadian rhythm, body temperature control, sighing and mediation of pruritus [149, 202, 244, 115, 196, 249, 306, 68, 34, 332]. A physiological role for the BB3 receptor has yet to be fully defined although recently studies suggest an important role in glucose and insulin regulation, metabolic homeostasis, feeding, regulation of body temperature, obesity, diabetes mellitus and growth of normal/neoplastic tissues [148, 78, 162, 214, 346, 200]. Bn receptors are one of the most frequently overexpressed receptors in cancers and are receiving increased attention for their roles in tumor growth, as well as for tumour imaging and for receptor targeted cytotoxicity [202, 276, 8, 161]

The rings of n-dimensional polytopes

Points of an orbit of a finite Coxeter group G, generated by n reflections starting from a single seed point, are considered as vertices of a polytope (G-polytope) centered at the origin of a real n-dimensional Euclidean space. A general efficient method is recalled for the geometric description of G- polytopes, their faces of all dimensions and their adjacencies. Products and symmetrized powers of G-polytopes are introduced and their decomposition into the sums of G-polytopes is described. Several invariants of G-polytopes are found, namely the analogs of Dynkin indices of degrees 2 and 4, anomaly numbers and congruence classes of the polytopes. The definitions apply to crystallographic and non-crystallographic Coxeter groups. Examples and applications are shown.Comment: 24 page

Fine Guidance Sensing for Coronagraphic Observatories

Three options have been developed for Fine Guidance Sensing (FGS) for coronagraphic observatories using a Fine Guidance Camera within a coronagraphic instrument. Coronagraphic observatories require very fine precision pointing in order to image faint objects at very small distances from a target star. The Fine Guidance Camera measures the direction to the target star. The first option, referred to as Spot, was to collect all of the light reflected from a coronagraph occulter onto a focal plane, producing an Airy-type point spread function (PSF). This would allow almost all of the starlight from the central star to be used for centroiding. The second approach, referred to as Punctured Disk, collects the light that bypasses a central obscuration, producing a PSF with a punctured central disk. The final approach, referred to as Lyot, collects light after passing through the occulter at the Lyot stop. The study includes generation of representative images for each option by the science team, followed by an engineering evaluation of a centroiding or a photometric algorithm for each option. After the alignment of the coronagraph to the fine guidance system, a "nulling" point on the FGS focal point is determined by calibration. This alignment is implemented by a fine alignment mechanism that is part of the fine guidance camera selection mirror. If the star images meet the modeling assumptions, and the star "centroid" can be driven to that nulling point, the contrast for the coronagraph will be maximized

Lie group weight multiplicities from conformal field theory

Dominant weight multiplicities of simple Lie groups are expressed in terms of the modular matrices of Wess-Zumino-Witten conformal field theories, and related objects. Symmetries of the modular matrices give rise to new relations among multiplicities. At least for some Lie groups, these new relations are strong enough to completely fix all multiplicities.Comment: 12 pages, Plain TeX, no figure

Characterisation of Corrosion Damage in T91/F91 steel exposed to Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic

T91 samples were exposed to static liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 700{\deg}C for 250-500 hours in either an oxidising or reducing environment. Corrosion damage was characterised using electron microscopy techniques, which identified networks of LBE intrusion beneath LBE-wetted surfaces. Under reducing conditions these networks are uniformly distributed, while they appear patchier and deeper under oxidising conditions. The individual intrusions preferentially follow microstructural features, initially along prior-austenite grain boundaries, followed by penetration down martensite lath boundaries. Local depletion of Cr was observed within 4 {\mu}m of the intrusions and along intersecting boundaries, suggesting local Cr dissolution as the main corrosion mechanism.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures and graphical abstract, submitted to Scripta Materiali

Variation in Vital-rate Sensitivity Between Populations of Texas Horned Lizards

Demographic studies of imperiled populations can aid managers in planning conservation actions. However, applicability of findings for a single population across a species’ range is sometimes questionable. We conducted long-term studies (8 and 9 years, respectively) of 2 populations of the lizard Phrynosoma cornutum separated by 1000 km within the historical distribution of the species. The sites were a 15-ha urban wildlife reserve on Tinker Air Force Base (TAFB) in central Oklahoma and a 6000-ha wildland site in southern Texas, the Chaparral Wildlife Management Area (CWMA). We predicted a trade-off between the effect of adult survival and fecundity on population growth rate (λ), leading to population-specific contributions of individual vital rates to λ and individualized strategies for conservation and management of this taxon. The CWMA population had lower adult survival and higher fecundity than TAFB. As predicted, there was a trade-off in the effects of adult survival and fecundity on λ between the two sites; fecundity affected λ more at CWMA than at TAFB. However, adult survival had the smallest effect on λ in both populations. We found that recruitment in P. cornutum most affected λ at both sites, with hatchling survival having the strongest influence on λ. Management strategies focusing on hatchling survival would strongly benefit both populations. As a consequence, within the constraint of the need to more accurately estimate hatchling survival, managers across the range of species such as P. cornutum could adopt similar management priorities with respect to stage classes, despite intra-population differences in population vital rates