The effect of capsicum frutescens-l to transient receptor potential vinaloid-1, toll like receptors(tlr-4) and interleukin 1 beta (il-1β) on periodontitis

Objective: Indonesia has many kinds of useful herbs, which are often used as species such as chili, pepper or cayenne pepper (capsicum frutescens L). Previous study showed topical capsaicin can be used as a therapy to cure pain due to inflammation. Small concentrations of capsaicin can attenuate cytokines in the inflammatory process. Capsaicin studies in animal model showed activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1. Capsaicin can decrease various cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β and increase IL-10. Capsaicin is a natural agonist for transient receptor potential vanilloid-1. The aim of this study is to prove the effect of capsaicin on transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 expression and TNF-α and TLR-4 toward pain. Material and Methods: An experimental laboratory research used animal model Wistar male rats (rattus novegicus) induced with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b and green chili extract (capsicum frutescens L.) with a dose of 0.0912 mg/kg/day was applied to surface of the gingiva on maxillary first molar for 7 days. An immunohistochemical examination was conducted to see the density of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 and the expression of TLR-4 and IL-1β in the mucosal tissues of the oral cavity. Results: There were significant differences in the applications of Capsicum frutescens L. with increasing of TRPV ligand-1 and IL-1β(p0.05) showed a significant difference to TRPV-1 and IL-1β. There is no significant difference to TLR-4. Conclusion: Capsaicin can increase TRPV-1 and decrease IL-1β but did not affect the TLR-4. Capsaicin can be used to decrease pain and accelerate healing process in periodontitis

Extrusion of Irrigant in Open Apex Teeth with Periapical Lesions Following Laser-Activated Irrigation and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation is critical for the success of endodontic treatment and several agitation techniques have been developed to improve the efficacy of this irrigation. Using a combination of contrast medium and radiographic examination, this study evaluated NaOCl extrusion during agitation of irrigant. Development of pressure, which may result in apical extrusion of the irrigant, has been described during laser-activated irrigation (LAI) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Methods and Materials: We examined 40 single root canals categorized as having open apices with apical lesions in 40 patients. For the final irrigation, the teeth were irrigated with a mixture of radiopaque contrast medium and 2.5% NaOCl in solution. The solution was activated for 60 sec in both groups [the Er, Cr: YSGG laser group (n=20) and the ultrasonic group (n=20)]. The teeth were imaged subsequently using radiography for the evaluation of contrast extrusion. Results: Radiopaque contrast medium was absent from the periapical tissues in all cases. Conclusion: Use of LAI or PUI appears to be safe as used currently in endodontic treatment.Keywords: Endodontics; Er, Cr: YSGG Laser; Open Apex; Periapical Lesion

The role of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in teeth periapical lesions immunopathogenesis caused by Enterococcus faecalis

Background: Periapical lesions, are characterized by an immune response to the invading bacteria consequences periapical bone destruction. In root canal treatment failure was found Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as most species. iNOS found an important role in protection against infection, plays vital roles in fighting pathogens and contributing to disease pathology. Purpose: This study was to observed the role of iNOS in teeth periapical lessions immunopathogenesis caused by E. faecalis. Methods: The randomized post-only control group design used in this study, This study used 24 Wistar rats, were divided into three groups (each group consisted of 8 rats), as negative controls group is a normal teeth, in the positive controls group was made by drilling the upper right first molar to penetrate the dental pulp and was induced with 10μl BHI-b then filled with Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and the treatment group, after drilling the teeth, then inoculated with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 106 CFU into 10μl BHI-b then filled with GIC to prevent contamination. It takes 21 days to get periapical lesions and rat were sacrificed, and then the expression of iNOS was measured. Results: Statistical analysis using Anova found a significant differenced between control and treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that iNOS role in teeth periapical lesions immunopathogenesis caused by E. faecalis

Antibacterial effect of chitosan from squid pens against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria

Background and Objectives: Chitosan, a polysaccharide derived from squid pens – the squid waste, is gaining considerable interests in biomedical engineering due to the biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and antibacterial activity. It is necessary to eradicate the bacteria from root canal in endodontic treatment, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingiva- lis is one of the most prevalently found bacteria in root canals and its presence can cause endodontic treatment failure. This study was conducted to find the antibacterial effect of chitosan from squid pen against P. gingivalis at a certain concentration. Materials and Methods: Chitosan 1.5% (w/v) was diluted in several tubes. The lowest concentration with no bacterial growth was considered to have antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. Results: There was no bacterial growth in nutrient agar media at the concentration of 10.75%. Conclusion: Chitosan that was made from squid pens has antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis

Pulp Fibroblast Cell Apoptosis After Application of Hema Dentine Bonding Material with Ethanol and Water Solvent

The most common main materials for dentin bonding for composite resin restoration is 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). HEMA has beneficial physical and chemical properties, and stable, yet toxic. The addition of ethanol or water, may reduce the toxic effect of HEMA. Ethanol solvent has lower H-bonding capacity compared to water solvent, so it can bind less free radicals from the residual monomer. This study aimed to analyze apoptosis due to dentine bonding application with ethanol and water solvent. Fibroblast culture cells were obtained from extracted third molar, by means of tripsinasion method. The cells were divided into 4 groups as reached confluent: cell culture without treatment as control, cell culture with scaffold chitosan, cell culture with scaffold and polymerized dentin bonding with ethanol or water solvent. Apoptosis observation was conducted using immunohistochemistry method with ethidium bromide acridin orange staining, under fluorescent microscope with 40× magnification. There was a significant difference among groups (p=0.0001), yet no differences found between different solvent. Apoptosis rate in fibroblast cells culture exposed to HEMA bonding with ethanol solvent was 67%, while the cells exposed to HEMA bonding with water solvent was 44%. The effect of dentin bonding with ethanol solvent and water solvent towards apoptosis rate of pulp fibroblast cells is not different

Capsaicin’s Inhibition Effects on Biofilm Aerococcus Viridans

Introduction: Aerococci has colony shape with Streptococcus viridans, so that it is usually missdiagnosed between of them. It has high difficulty on its identification, because it is rarely to be found and resistant of Antibiotic grup, called penicilin and vancomycin. Material and Method: This research used two kinds of samples, such as: fried food sold on the road and toothbrush obtained from ten respondens. Then, it needs inducing its biofilm and measuring by Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) methode and ELISA. Result: ANOVA one-way revealed that extract capsaicin has anti biofilm effect on 12.5% concentration with p=0,0000 (p<0,05) among each group. Conclusion: Extract capsaicin can be used as an alternative herbal agent to treat infection caused by Aerococcus viridans because it has antibiofilm effect. As known before, biofilm causes antibiotic resistance to treat Aerococcus viridans’s infection

Cytotoxicity of Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine and Propolis on Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Cell

Irrigation is one of important step in endodontic therapy. During irrigation, the irrigation liquid may leak to to periapical tissue which may delay periodontal ligament healing process. Therefore, irrigation solution must have minimal cytotoxic properties. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) is the most common irrigation solution. Propolis contains flavonoid and phenolic acid that can be considered as an alternative irrigation solution. The aim of this study is to find the cytotoxicity of sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and propolis on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell (HPDLFc). HPDLFc was obtained from the apex of the first upper premolar. This cell was divided into several group and exposed to several concentration of NaOCl, CHX or propolis. The count of fibroblast will be measured by spectrophotometer. The percentage of cytotoxicity will be calculated to obtain lethal concentration (LC)50 value. NaOCl is toxic at concentration of 0,25μl/ml or greater. CHX is toxic at concentration of 0,016 μl/ml or greater. Propolis is toxic at consentration of 92,70 μg/ml or greater. NaOCl, CHX and propolis have cytotoxicity effect on HPDLFc at a certain concentration

Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member-1 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Expression of Capsaicin Administration in Periodontitis

The aim of this study is to prove the relationship between Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member-1 (TRPV-1) and Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP-8) expression in periondotitis after capsaicin administered. Twenty-one post-weaned male Wistar rats (Rattus novergius) with approximatelly 8-12 week-year-old were randomly divided into three groups (n=7). The negative control group (K0) and the positive control group (K1) were administered only with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) bacteria serotype b to the cervical portion of their maxillary first molars. The treatment group (K2) was treated with both A.a bacteria serotype b to the cervical portion of their maxillary first molars and cayenne pepper extract at a dose of 0.0912 mg/kg/day. The subjects were anesthetized with thionembutal to obtain a sample of gingival tissue. A semi-serial thinness 4 μm by microtome, and calculate the number of cells expressing TRPV-1 and MMP-8 by immunohistochemical staining. The result of which confirmed the TRPV-1 count (K0=33.0150 ± 7.10; K1=37.63 ± 110.60; K2=43.062 ± 14.98) and MMP-8 expression (K0=43.6167 ± 14.57; K1=36.75 ± 22.53; K2=28.83 ±18.45) of the K0 group to be significantly higher than that of the K1 and K2 groups (p<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the TRPV1 andMMP-8 expression between the K0 and K1 groups (p>0.05). The TRPV-1 stimulates the lowest level of MMP-8 in rats periodontitis with capsaicin administered

Property Test of Phosphate and Hydroxyl Groups from Lates Carcarifer Fish Scale as a Candidate for Synthetic Hydroxyapatite using the FTIR Method

In Indonesia, the market price of Synthetic hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 reaches 1.5 million per 5 milligrams and its availability still depends on imported products .To solve this problem, alternative materials can be used, such as Lates calcarifer fish scales. Phosphate (PO4)3- and hydroxyl (-OH) groups are functional groups of synthetic hydroxyapatites. The presence of phosphate (PO4)3- and hydroxyl (-OH) groups in the sample can indicate the presence of hydroxyapatite. Therefore, phosphate and hydroxyl groups can be used as test parameters for the property test. In this study, the phosphate and hydroxyl characteristics of the Lates calcarifer fish scales group were compared with the "ALDRICH” chemical synthetic hydroxyapatite group using the FTIR analysis method. Objectives to explain whether the scales of Lates calcarifer fish can be used as a synthetic hydroxyapatite candidate and to analyze the characteristics of the phosphate and hydroxyl groups produced from Lates calcarifer fish scales. FTIR or Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis method was used by comparing the peak image of the phosphate and hydroxyl groups between the Lates calcarifer fish scales group and the "ALDRICH" chemical synthetic hydroxyapatite control group on the wave ranges of 1350– 1250, 1050–990, 1240–1190/995–850, 1100-1000 for phosphate groups and on the wave ranges of 3650-3600, 3570-3200, 3400-2400 for hydroxyl groups. The Lates calcarifer fish scales group showed that the peaks of the phosphate (PO4)3- and hydroxyl (-OH) groups had the same wave range as the synthetic hydroxyapatite control group "ALDRICH", namely in the 850-995 cm-, 990-1050 cm- / 1100-1000 cm- , and 3200-3570 cm- wave ranges. Lates calcarifer fish scales can be used as a candidate for synthetic hydroxyapatite