Tolerable recessións and long term growth

This article sets out from the coexistence of two kinds of growth, a determinist one to the steady state and a random one, which, systematically, let some economies escape from that steady state. The last is related with the innovation business processes, which are only possible in presence of both inventions in portfolio and a economic recession with certain characteristics. It show empirical evidence about the innovation process and growth deceleration, and its relationship with the cycle volatility in twenty developed countries as well as in a worldwide sample. The main conclusions point out the existence of two kinds of cycles: one have positive effect upon economic growth and the other not. The economic policy must try to reduce the influence of the last one but not the influence of those whose presence is essential in order to keep an enough economic growth rate in the long term

Marshall o del desarrollo local

Este artículo analiza la búsqueda del origen y la defensa del actual y distinto grado de desarrollo de distintas zonas geográficas A nadie escapa que hay zonas geográficas, pequeñas o grandes, cuyo nivel de desarrollo, medido en términos de número de empresas, número de trabajadores, volumen de negocio, renta per cápita, etc. es muy distinto incluso que el de regiones relativamente cercanas, y que de ese nivel de desarrollo se derivan una serie especial de relaciones económicas entre los individuos que lo integran (especial cultura empresarial, relaciones laborales distintas, colaboraciones institucionales, etc.). Los especialistas tratan de buscar el origen de esta especial organización empresarial con la finalidad última de estudiar las posibilidades de exportar estas condiciones a otras tierras menos desarrolladasThis article discusses the search for the origin and the defense of the current and different levels of development in different geographical areas. Everyone knows that there are geographic, small or large areas where the level of development, measured in terms of number of companies, number of employees, turnover, per capita income, etc. It is very different than even the relatively nearby regions, and that level of development a special series of economic relations between the individuals within it (especially corporate culture, different labor relations, institutional collaborations, etc.) are derived. Experts try to trace the origin of this special business organization with the ultimate aim to explore the possibilities of exporting these conditions to less developed land

Principios de Economía bajo incertidumbre

Documento de teoría económica que actualiza varios modelos económicos en condiciones de incertidumbre. La incertidumbre provoca que algunas de las conclusiones básicas de la teoría neoclásica no sean correctas. Este documento realiza una primera aproximación para corregir algunas de ellas.Research on Economic Theory that updates some neoclasics models under conditions of uncertainty. Uncertainty causes some of the basic conclusions of neoclassical theory are biased or incorrect. This document try a first approximation to fix some of them

Horizontal inequity in access to healthcare services and educational level in Spain

The aim of this study is to measure horizontal equity in the use of healthcare services in Spain, proposing two methodological innovations. First by defending it as equality of access for equal need, irrespective of educational level, unlike the prevailing methodological approach to horizontal equity which relates it to income. Second, by estimating it by means of the slope index of the inequality of characteristics, analagous to the inequity index proposed by Kakwani, Wagstaff and van Doorslaer (1997; HIWV) but presenting some methodological advantages, the greater robustness of the data available on educational level than of those on income, and the possibility of isolating the net effect of the educational level on the use of healthcare by controlling for other variables. The methodology is designed in three parts: (1) estimation of the relationship between the educational level and the use of healthcare services by means of a model of the likelihood of demand for healthcare services, commonly used in the literature; (2) estimation of the relationship between educational level and health by approximating a production function of individuals' health according to their personal characteristics and other factors conditioning health; and (3) estimation of the slope index of inequality as a measure of horizontal inequity, using educational level instead of income as the criterion for ranking individuals. The data base used was a sample of 55,598 observations from the Survey of disabilities, handicaps and state of health of 1999, carried out in Spain. No significant statistical association was found between educational level and use of healthcare services. On the other hand, the relationship between educational level and health, with the three proxy variables used (perception of health, days of limitation and number of chronic illnesses) shows a positive correlation, i.e. an increase in educational level is associated with a greater probability of enjoying better health. Horizontal inequity, measured by the proposed slope index of inequality, gives a range of statistically significant values between 13.91% and 9.40%, depending on cases, i.e. the significant inverse relationship between state of health and educational level is not reflected proportionally in healthcare use, implying that, with greater need, the access of individuals with a lower educational level to public healthcare services is the same as for the rest. These results suggest that the educational level may be a variable to consider when characterizing the healthcare needs of a population in a defined geographical area, at least from the normative characterization of horizontal equity proposed

Una experiencia práctica para la explicación de conceptos económicos mediante el uso de un simulador lúdico de construcción

El uso de un simulador de construcciones como una herramienta de innovación docente, puede abrir una nueva ventana en el difícil proceso de hacer comprender a estudiantes de Ingeniería, la importancia que para su formación tiene estudiar Economía, una materia que en principio ven ajena a sus motivaciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en una propuesta de aprendizaje de determinados conceptos económicos para la asignatura de Economía Aplicada a la Empresa del Grado de Ingeniería de la Edificación, mediante el uso de un simulador de construcción de estructuras, el cual evaluará las soluciones propuestas por el alumno en la resolución de problemas económicos que, con frecuencia, surgen en las competencias propias del Grado, definidas en el Libro Blanco de la titulación.The use of a construction simulator as an innovative method of teaching can help students of the degree in Building Engineering to understand the importance of study Economics in their education, even though Economics is a subject initially perceived by them out of their motivations. The aim of this study is to propose a different way of learning some economic concepts for the subject Applied Business Economics, of the degree in Building Engineering, by using a construction simulator. The construction simulator will revise the solutions given for the students to solve economic problems which usually are part of the competences of the Grade, competences included in the White Book of this degree

Financing agreement for the spanish regions and regional inequality by tax collection (1986-2007)

La reforma del acuerdo de financiación de las CCAA españolas de 2009, en vigor desde enero de 2010, profundiza en la corresponsabilidad fiscal, ampliando la capacidad normativa de algunos impuestos y la participación en las cuotas territorializadas del Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas (IRPF), el Impuesto sobre el Valor añadido (IVA) y algunos Impuestos Especiales (IIEE). Según el mencionado acuerdo, el porcentaje descentralizado de la recaudación por IVA y por impuestos especiales se distribuye entre las Comunidades Autónomas (CCAA) en función de índices de consumo territorializado mientras que la recaudación por IRPF se distribuye en función de la cuota integra declarada por los sujetos pasivos residentes en cada Comunidad Autónoma (CA). Este artículo pretende mostrar evidencia sobre la traslación del ingreso tributario entre regiones en los tres tributos debida, en parte, a que el ingreso se realiza en la CA del domicilio fiscal del sujeto pasivo independientemente de donde se produzca el hecho imponible. Las conclusiones justifican la distribución del acuerdo por IVA e IIEE en función de criterios basados en el consumo territorializado, pero no así la distribución del tramo autonómico por IRPF que se distribuye en función del ingreso de los residentes.Since January, 2010, there's a new public financing agreement for the Spanish regions. This is based on the fiscal responsibility, expanding the regulatory capacity of some taxes and increasing the territorialized participation in the Income Tax (PIT), values added tax (VAT) and some special taxes (IISS). According to that agreement, the revenues decentralized of VAT and excise duties are distributed among the Autonomous Communities (CCAA) in terms of consumption rates, while the personal income tax revenue is distributed according to the amount declared by the persons living in each Autonomous Community (CA). This article treat on transfer of tax revenue between regions in the three taxes, due primarily that the tax pay is made in the CA of taxpayer's residence regardless of where the taxable event occurs. The findings justify the income distribution for IISS and VAT based on territorialized consumption, but not the regional distribution of personal income tax which is distributed according to revenue of residents

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Wage gap between women and men in developed economies. A matter of time. (Database)

Base de datos de la Encuesta de Empleo del Tiempo 2010 y de la Encuesta de Estructura SalarialEn formato Stata. Database of Time Use Survey 2010 (TUS_2010) and Wages Survey (WS_2018). Stata format

La necesidad en el nuevo modelo de financiación de la sanidad: Una propuesta de medición a partir de modelos regresionales

Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Economía Aplicada. Leída el 8 de septiembre de 200