Structure function and Multifractal spectrum applied to Digital Elevation Model

A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) provides the information basis used for many geographic applications such as topographic and geomorphologic studies, landscape through GIS (Geographic Information Systems) among others. The DEM capacity to represent Earth?s surface depends on the surface roughness and the resolution used. Each DEM pixel depends on the scale used characterized by two variables: resolution and extension of the area studied. DEMs can vary in resolution and accuracy by the production method, although there are statistical characteristics that keep constant or very similar in a wide range of scales. Based on this property, several techniques have been applied to characterize DEM through multiscale analysis directly related to fractal geometry: multifractal spectrum and the structure function. The comparison of the results by both methods is discussed. The study area is represented by a 1024 x 1024 data matrix obtained from a DEM with a resolution of 10 x 10 m each point, which correspond with a region known as ?Monte de El Pardo? a property of Spanish National Heritage (Patrimonio Nacional Español) of 15820 Ha located to a short distance from the center of Madrid. Manzanares River goes through this area from North to South. In the southern area a reservoir is found with a capacity of 43 hm3, with an altitude of 603.3 m till 632 m when it is at the highest capacity. In the middle of the reservoir the minimum altitude of this area is achieved

Productividad media en tres años de cultivo de diferentes cultivares de pataca en San Esteban de Gormaz (Soria)

La pataca, Helianthus tuberosus L. es una especie de la familia de las Compuestas, de origen americano. Fue introducida en Europa en el siglo XVII y su cultivo fue de tipo local destinado a producir tubérculos como alimento humano y para el ganado. Posteriomente fue desplazado por la patata como alimento humano. En la actualidad se considera como un posible cultivo alternativo para la obtención de furctosa, de mayor poder edulcorante que la sacarosa, y para la obtención de etanol

Aprovechamiento del cardo (Cynara cardunculus L.) para la producción de biomasa lignocelulósica, aceite y forraje verde

Aprovechamiento del cardo (Cynara cardunculus L.) es una especie perteneciente a la familia de las Compuestas (Asteraceae) lo mismo que el cártamo o el girasol. es una especie vivaz gracias a sus yemas de recambio que posee en el cuello de la raíz estando muy bien adaptada a las condiciones del clima mediterráneo de veranos secos y calurosos

Detrended fluctuation analysis for spatial characterisation of landscapes

The interactions among abiotic, biotic, and anthropic factors and their influence at different scales create a complex dynamic in landscape evolution. Scaling and multifractal analysis have the potential to characterise landscapes in terms of the statistical signature of the selected measure, in this case, altitude. This work evaluates the multifractality of altitude data points along transects that are obtained in several directions using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) in a protected area adjacent to Madrid. The study data set consist of a matrix 2048 2048 pixels obtained at a 5 m resolution and extracted from a digital terrain model (DTM) using a Geographic Information System (GIS). We found that the distribution of altitude fluctuations at small scales revealed a non-Gaussian character in the statistical moments, indicating that Fractional Brownian modelling is not appropriate. Generalised Hurst dimensions (H(q)) were calculated on several transects crossing the area under study, all of which exhibited multifractality within a certain scale range. The results show a persistent behaviour in all directions because all of the H(q) values exceeded 0.5 and because there were differences in the intensities of the multifractality. The analysis of the directionality by means of a generalised Hurst rose plot showed differences in the scaling characteristics both along and across rivers and reservoirs. This indicates a clear anisotropy that is mainly due to the directions of the two river basins located in the area and the basement movement as a consequence of gradual tectonic displacement, which must be considered in two-dimensional DFA

Detrended fluctuation analysis for spatial characterisation of landscapes

The interactions among abiotic, biotic, and anthropic factors and their influence at different scales create a complex dynamic in landscape evolution. Scaling and multifractal analysis have the potential to characterise landscapes in terms of the statistical signature of the selected measure, in this case, altitude. This work evaluates the multifractality of altitude data points along transects that are obtained in several directions using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) in a protected area adjacent to Madrid. The study data set consist of a matrix 2048 2048 pixels obtained at a 5 m resolution and extracted from a digital terrain model (DTM) using a Geographic Information System (GIS). We found that the distribution of altitude fluctuations at small scales revealed a non-Gaussian character in the statistical moments, indicating that Fractional Brownian modelling is not appropriate. Generalised Hurst dimensions (H(q)) were calculated on several transects crossing the area under study, all of which exhibited multifractality within a certain scale range. The results show a persistent behaviour in all directions because all of the H(q) values exceeded 0.5 and because there were differences in the intensities of the multifractality. The analysis of the directionality by means of a generalised Hurst rose plot showed differences in the scaling characteristics both along and across rivers and reservoirs. This indicates a clear anisotropy that is mainly due to the directions of the two river basins located in the area and the basement movement as a consequence of gradual tectonic displacement, which must be considered in two-dimensional DFA

Effect of different control methods on Cuscuta campestris, and growth and productivity of eggplant (Solanum melongena)

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Qizuina district-province of Najaf during the 2017 growing season in order to control parasitizing dodder (Cuscuta campestris) on eggplants through increasing plant growth and inducing plant resistance using nutrients and herbicide. The experiment arranged within RCBD with three replicates. Results showed significant differences between treatments. Among all the treatments, Boric acid resulted in the highest values of leaf number, leaf area, plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, thickness of bark, epidermis and petiole cortex of the leaf, and shorter time to fruit maturity as well as no infection was detected. While, Na2SiO3 resulted in higher values of stem diameter, earliness in first flower formation and higher of fruit set, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight and plant productivity, early (13.84 ton.ha-1)and total yield (69.24 ton.ha-1). The herbicide Sulfosulfuron was effective to control dodder resulted in filaments decease and prevented its flowering compared to the mechanical control and the other infected treatments in which dodder not only reduced the eggplants vegetative growth but also affected the quality and quantity of early (5.82 ton.ha-1) and total yield (44.39 ton.ha-1). These results confirm the using of high efficient treatments in to control dodder which can be practically applied in the integrate management program of this pest