Purple corn (zea mays l.) pericarp hydroalcoholic extracts obtained by conventional processes at atmospheric pressure and by processes at high pressure

Extracts of Peruvian purple corn pericarp (Zea mays L.) were obtained: (1) via supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 as solvent and EtOH-H2O (70:30, v/v) as co-solvent, (2) via pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with EtOH-H2O (70:30, v/v) and, (3) via two conventional extraction processes, stirred vessel and Soxhlet. The extraction yields and extract compositions were compared to each other. The parameters measured were the point-to-point extraction yield, the global extraction yield and composition of extracts regarding contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins and specific anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside. Antioxidant activity by DPPH and in vitro antiproliferative activity were also evaluated considering seven cancer cell lines. High yields and higher contents of phenolic compounds, accompanied by a high antioxidant activity at 50 °C, were obtained for supercritical extraction at 60 °C. Antioxidant activity showed good correlation with the content of phenolic compounds, but there was no antiproliferative activity37237248COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informação12/51317-

Extraction Of Bioactive Compounds From Cob And Pericarp Of Purple Corn (zea Mays L.) By Sequential Extraction In Fixed Bed Extractor Using Supercritical Co2, Ethanol, And Water As Solvents

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Purple corn (Zea mays L.) is traditionally used in Peru in the preparation of desserts and juices. Purple corn cob and kernel extracts have intense color and are rich in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. Purple corn cob, whole grain, ground grain, and pericarp extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid technology in a fixed bed at 50 degrees C and 400 bar in a sequential extraction process using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) as a solvent in the first step, ethanol in a second step, and water in a third step, in order to determine the composition of the extracts. The curves from the initial extraction kinetics of each raw material were used to determine the best overall yield and extraction time. The two matrices with higher yield (cob and pericarp) were selected and triplicate extraction curves of these matrices were performed in a predetermined period of time. Each point of the extraction curve was chemically analyzed, except the extract from the scCO(2) extraction, due to its low yield. The extracts were characterized for yield, total monomeric anthocyanins by differential pH, total phenolics, total flavonoids, major anthocyanins by HPLC, and antioxidant activity by DPPH. Color measurements of the purple corn pericarp extracts were performed by the CIEL* a* b* system. Overall, the aqueous extraction presented the best overall mass yield, higher yield of the components monitored analytically, and higher antioxidant activity, while the ethanol extracts were more concentrated only in anthocyanins. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.107250259Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP [2012/51317-1

Influence Of Ethanol, Water, And Their Mixtures As Co-solvents Of The Supercritical Carbon Dioxide In The Extraction Of Phenolics From Purple Corn Cob (zea Mays L.)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)), ethanol (EtOH), and water are considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) solvents. They exhibit considerable advantages in the extraction of phenolic compounds with a wide range of polarities, such as the anthocyanins found in purple corn (Zea mays L.). To evaluate the effect of ethanol and water as co-solvents in the scCO(2) extraction of phenolic compounds of purple corn cobs, extracts were obtained at 400 bar and 50 degrees C using EtOH (CE), water (CW), and mixtures of EtOH/water 50% (CE50), and EtOH/water 70% (CE70) as co-solvents of scCO(2). The overall yield (X-0), the extraction yield of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF) were determined in the extracts, as well as the antioxidant activity (AA) expressed as EC50/DPPH, color, and presence of specific anthocyanins by HPLC. The lowest extraction yield (4.15%) was obtained when ethanol was used as co-solvent (CE), and the highest yield (24.4%) was observed when using a mixture of EtOH/water (70%, CE70) as co-solvent. The presence of EtOH and water was essential to obtain concentrated phenolic extracts, with values around 66 mg cyanidin-3-glycoside equivalent per gram of dried extract, 290 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram, and 117 mg catechin equivalent per gram, and antioxidant activity of CE50 =31 mu g/mL by DPPH. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1181118CNPqSao Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP [2012/51317-1]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Optimization Of The Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds From Purple Corn Cob (zea Mays L.) By Sequential Extraction Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Ethanol And Water As Solvents

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Purple corn cob (Zea mays L.) extracts were obtained by sequential extraction in fixed bed, using GRAS solvents (Generally Recognized as Safe) ordered by increasing polarity, as follows: supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) (nonpolar) in a first step, ethanol (polarity 5.2) in a second step, and water (polarity 9.0) in a third step at the same conditions of temperature and pressure. CCRD (Central Composite Rotatable Design) was used to study the effect of pressure (259-541 bar) and temperature (36-64 degrees C) on the following parameters: overall yield (X-0) of each extraction step; yield and content of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), total phenolics (TP), and total flavonoids (TF); antioxidant activity (AA) expressed as effective concentration EC50/DPPH responsible for 50% decrease in the initial activity; color by CIELAB L*a*b* system. Quantification of specific anthocyanins was performed by HPLC. The process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), and the best responses were: X-0 of 15.4% in the 3rd step at 65 degrees C and 440 bar; TMA of 64 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside per gram extract in the 2nd step at 45 degrees C and 420 bar; TF of 93.7 mg catechin equivalents per gram extract obtained in the 3rd step at 50 degrees C and 400 bar; TP of 389 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram extract, and AA (EC50/DPPH) of 21 mu g/mL in the 2nd step at 65 degrees C and 450 bar. The color of the extracts was affected by the type of solvent, and the highest cyanidin 3-glycoside concentration was observed in the 2nd extraction step, with values of 26-38 mg per gram extract, determined by HPLC. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1161019CNPqSao Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP [2012/51317-1]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Fractionation of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts of green propolis using supercritical carbon dioxide as an anti-solvent to obtain artepillin rich-extract

Green propolis from southeastern Brazil is known for its potent biological activity and the presence of Artepillin-C. In order to obtain extracts concentrated in phenolic and artepillin-C compounds, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was used as an anti-solvent to selectively fractionate ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts of green propolis by precipitation in four separators in series. The fractions were evaluated for the global yield of each fraction and for the yields and concentrations of total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Artepillin C) (DHCA), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid) (HCA) and 4-methoxy-3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone (kaempferide) (MTHF) in the fractionated extracts, also evaluated was he antioxidant activity by DPPH. The scCO2 was effective as an anti-solvent to obtain extract fractions rich in Artepillin C and with high antioxidant activity138167173CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informação2012/51317-

Crotalus Aquilus Klauber, 1952 (Squamata: Viperidae), a new state record for Zacatecas, Mexico

Se registra la presencia de Crotalus aquilus en el bosque de encino, en la Sierra El Laurel, municipios de Huanusco, Jalpa y Nochistlán de Mejía, Zacatecas. Estos ejemplares representan los primeros registros para Zacatecas y amplían la distribución de C. aquilus a través de la Sierra El Laurel hacia la parte de Zacatecas