170 research outputs found
Drivers of membrane fouling in the vanadium acetylacetonate flow battery
Vanadium acetylacetonate (V(acac)3) disproportionation electrochemistry promises a crossover-tolerant, high-voltage flow battery, but exhibits low efficiency and short cycle life. We show that membrane fouling, rather than a parasitic side reaction, dominates early performance fade. Crossover rates through porous membranes were estimated from voltage transients with an adaptive observer while cycling flow-through reactors. For 0.1M V(acac)3 and 0.3M TEABF4 in acetonitrile flowed countercurrently at 5.0cms−1 parallel to the separator, fresh Daramic 175 and Celgard 4650 afforded active-species mass-transfer coefficients of 3.8μms−1 and 7.5μms−1, respectively, which decreased and became non-Fickian as cycling progressed. At ±10mAcm−2 from 0%–20% state of charge, voltage efficiency with Celgard fell from 96% to 60% over 27 cycles. Separator replacement restored the coulombic and voltage efficiencies, which repeated their first progression. Impedance spectra from series-connected canary cells reveal that separator resistances remain stable during open-circuit exposure to charged single electrolytes, but increase under applied current or open-circuit contact with differently charged electrolytes
Augmented saddle point formulation of the steady-state Stefan--Maxwell diffusion problem
We investigate structure-preserving finite element discretizations of the
steady-state Stefan--Maxwell diffusion problem which governs diffusion within a
phase consisting of multiple species. An approach inspired by augmented
Lagrangian methods allows us to construct a symmetric positive definite
augmented Onsager transport matrix, which in turn leads to an effective
numerical algorithm. We prove inf-sup conditions for the continuous and
discrete linearized systems and obtain error estimates for a phase consisting
of an arbitrary number of species. The discretization preserves the
thermodynamically fundamental Gibbs--Duhem equation to machine precision
independent of mesh size. The results are illustrated with numerical examples,
including an application to modelling the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
water vapour and nitrogen in the lungs.Comment: 27 pages, 5 figure
Structural electroneutrality in Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell transport with charged species
We present a method to embed local electroneutrality within
Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell electrolytic-transport models, circumventing their
formulation as differential systems with an algebraic constraint. Flux-explicit
transport laws are formulated for general multicomponent electrolytes, in which
the conductivity, component diffusivities, and transference numbers relate to
Stefan-Maxwell coefficients through invertible matrix calculations. A
construction we call a `salt-charge basis' implements Guggenheim's
transformation of species electrochemical potentials into combinations
describing a minimal set of neutral components, leaving a unique combination
associated with electricity. Defining conjugate component concentrations and
fluxes that preserve the structures of the Gibbs function and energy
dissipation retains symmetric Onsager reciprocal relations. The framework
reproduces Newman's constitutive laws for binary electrolytes and the
Pollard-Newman laws for molten salts; we also propose laws for salt solutions
in two-solvent blends, such as lithium-ion-battery electrolytes. Finally, we
simulate a potentiostatic Hull cell containing a non-ideal binary electrolyte
with concentration-dependent properties
Thyroid secretion rate of albino rats during growth, pregnancy and lactation
Publication authorized September 17, 1946.Digitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references (pages 32-34)
The metabolism of thyroxine
Digitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-76)
Finite element methods for multicomponent convection-diffusion
We develop finite element methods for coupling the steady-state
Onsager--Stefan--Maxwell equations to compressible Stokes flow. These equations
describe multicomponent flow at low Reynolds number, where a mixture of
different chemical species within a common thermodynamic phase is transported
by convection and molecular diffusion. Developing a variational formulation for
discretizing these equations is challenging: the formulation must balance
physical relevance of the variables and boundary data, regularity assumptions,
tractability of the analysis, enforcement of thermodynamic constraints, ease of
discretization, and extensibility to the transient, anisothermal, and non-ideal
settings. To resolve these competing goals, we employ two augmentations: the
first enforces the mass-average constraint in the Onsager--Stefan--Maxwell
equations, while its dual modifies the Stokes momentum equation to enforce
symmetry. Remarkably, with these augmentations we achieve a Picard
linearization of symmetric saddle point type, despite the equations not
possessing a Lagrangian structure. Exploiting the structure of linear
irreversible thermodynamics, we prove the inf-sup condition for this
linearization, and identify finite element function spaces that automatically
inherit well-posedness. We verify our error estimates with a numerical example,
and illustrate the application of the method to non-ideal fluids with a
simulation of the microfluidic mixing of hydrocarbons
Potentiometric MRI of a Superconcentrated Lithium Electrolyte: Testing the Irreversible Thermodynamics Approach.
Superconcentrated electrolytes, being highly thermodynamically nonideal, provide a stringent proving ground for continuum transport theories. Herein, we test an ostensibly complete model of LiPF6 in ethyl-methyl carbonate (EMC) based on the Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell theory from irreversible thermodynamics. We perform synchronous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chronopotentiometry to examine how superconcentrated LiPF6:EMC responds to galvanostatic polarization and open-circuit relaxation. We simulate this experiment using an independently parametrized model with six composition-dependent electrolyte properties, quantified up to saturation. Spectroscopy reveals increasing ion association and solvent coordination with salt concentration. The potentiometric MRI data agree closely with the predicted ion distributions and overpotentials, providing a completely independent validation of the theory. Superconcentrated electrolytes exhibit strong cation-anion interactions and extreme solute-volume effects that mimic elevated lithium transference. Our simulations allow surface overpotentials to be extracted from cell-voltage data to track lithium interfaces. Potentiometric MRI is a powerful tool to illuminate electrolytic transport phenomena
Mg/O<sub>2</sub> Battery Based on the Magnesium-Aluminum Chloride Complex (MACC) Electrolyte
Mg/O<sub>2</sub> cells employing
a MgCl<sub>2</sub>/AlCl<sub>3</sub>/DME (MACC/DME) electrolyte are
cycled and compared to cells with
modified Grignard electrolytes, showing that performance of magnesium/oxygen
batteries depends strongly on electrolyte composition. Discharge capacity
is far greater for MACC/DME-based cells, while rechargeability in
these systems is severely limited. The Mg/O<sub>2</sub>-MACC/DME discharge
product comprises a mixture of MgÂ(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and
MgCl<sub>2</sub>, with the latter likely formed from slow decomposition
of the former. The presence of Cl in these compounds suggests that
the electrolyte participates in the cell reaction or reacts readily
with the initial electrochemical products. A rate study suggests that
O<sub>2</sub> diffusion in the electrolyte limits discharge capacities
at higher currents. Formation of an insulating product film on the
positive electrodes of Mg/O<sub>2</sub>-MACC/DME cells following deep
discharge increases cell impedance substantially and likely explains
the poor rechargeability. An additional impedance rise consistent
with film formation on the Mg negative electrode suggests the presence
of detrimental O<sub>2</sub> crossover. Minimizing O<sub>2</sub> crossover
and bypassing charge transfer through the discharge product would
improve battery performance
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