Economic Development and Convergence In Sumatra Island, Indonesia

The island of Sumatra, one of the largest contributors to the Indonesian economy, has experienced increased economic growth from time to time, but the acceleration of growth from each province has a different pace.  This study aims to analyze the development and convergence of real per capita income that occurred on the island of Sumatra from 2011-2020, using panel data from 10 provinces in it. The novelty of this study incorporates Klassen's analysis as an effort to provide more concrete recommendations as well as the calculation of the half-life value per province which illustrates the convergence speed of each region. This can support the strength of the recommendation. We also divide the two observation periods, namely during normal conditions, and include 2020 as the year the economic shock occurred to compare changes in the convergence rate. Klassen's typology of economic development on the island of Sumatra for the 2016-2020 period shows a shift in the Riau Island Province towards being depressed and Bangka Belitung in the lagging zone. Meanwhile, Aceh Province is getting closer to the potential zone line. The level of inequality from the average value of the Williamson index is classified as moderate and during the year of observation shows an increase in value indicating convergence. The Covid-19 pandemic has reduced inequality, But on the other hand, the pandemic has also caused a decrease in real income in all the provinces observed, which means that welfare has decreased. The half-time value of each province implies economic stagnation that will occur in depressed developed regions and opens up opportunities for underdeveloped regions to spur growth in their real per capita income. In measuring the convergence itself, there was a convergence of real income per capita on the island of Sumatra. In other words, the conditional convergence model has a relatively higher convergence speed than the absolute convergence model. As an implication of the study, efforts to equalize per capita income on the island of Sumatra can be accelerated by spurring economic growth, HDI, and the distribution of gross fixed capital in areas that are in quadrants 3 and 4. Policies in eradicating poverty are a booster in accelerating the convergence process.Pulau Sumatera sebagai salah satu penyumbang terbesar perekonomian Indonesia mengalami peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi dari waktu ke waktu, namun percepatan pertumbuhan dari masing-masing provinsi memiliki kecepatan yang berbeda. Konsep konvergensi terjadi ketika terjadi integrasi yang progresif dari wilayah tertentu, sehingga mengurangi kesenjangan indikator ekonomi antar wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan dan konvergensi pendapatan per kapita riil yang terjadi di Pulau Sumatera tahun 2011-2020, dengan menggunakan data panel dari 10 provinsi di dalamnya. Pergerakan kinerja ekonomi tiap provinsi digambarkan melalui metode tipologi Klassen yang dibagi menjadi dua periode pengamatan yaitu 2011-2015 dan 2016-2020. Untuk melihat tingkat ketimpangan, nilai rata-rata indeks Williamson adalah 0,426 dan selama tahun pengamatan menunjukkan kecenderungan penurunan nilai yang mengindikasikan terjadinya konvergensi. Pada pengukuran konvergensi sendiri, hasil estimasi konvergensi absolut menunjukkan nilai konvergensi beta (1+β) sebesar 0,8731 atau nilai -0,1269 yang berada di antara nol (0) hingga -1 menunjukkan terjadinya konvergensi pendapatan per kapita riil di Sumatera. Pulau dengan kecepatan konvergensi 12,69%. Sedangkan nilai konvergensi bersyarat menunjukkan kecepatan proses konvergensi di daerah penelitian sebesar 13,25 persen. Artinya, model konvergensi bersyarat memiliki kecepatan konvergensi yang relatif lebih tinggi daripada model konvergensi absolut. Dengan kata lain, model konvergensi bersyarat memiliki kecepatan konvergensi yang relatif lebih tinggi daripada model konvergensi absolut

KEMAMPUAN PROBLEM-SOLVING SISWA SMA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH PLSV

The purpose of this study is to measure the level of problem-solving ability of high school students in solving PLSV material problems. This type of research uses qualitative. The study subjects numbered four high school students in class X. The data was collected through problem tests and described using descriptive methods. The data analysis technique used consists of three paths, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the polya problem solving stage, the results of the study are obtained as follows: the first stage obtains 43.75%, the second stage obtains 87.50%, the stage of non-obtaining 62.50%, and the fourth stage obtains 25%. From these results, it can be seen that the stage of re-checking is in the low category with the smallest percentage among others, while the stage of preparing a plan is in the very high category with the highest percentage

FINE MAPPING OF MILK YIELD QTL ON CHROMOSOMES 6 AND 20 IN GERMAN HOLSTEIN POPULATION USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

In German Holstein population a very signifi cant QTL with effects on milk yield trait (MY) was mapped on chromosome 6 and 20 to the interval BM143–ILSTS97 and AGLA29–ILSTS72, respectively. Where, three markers BM143, FBN13 and ILSTS97 on chromosome 6 and two markers AGLA29 and ILSTS72 on chromosome 20 were associated with highly signifi cant effects (P<0.01) for milk yield. Findings from this study could be used in subsequent fine-mapping work and applied to marker-assisted selection (MAS) of dairy production traits

Global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: A systematic review protocol

Introduction Smokeless tobacco (ST) was consumed by 356 million people globally in 2017. Recent evidence shows that ST consumption is responsible for an estimated 652 494 all-cause deaths across the globe annually. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was negotiated in 2003 and ratified in 2005 to implement effective tobacco control measures. While the policy measures enacted through various tobacco control laws have been effective in reducing the incidence and prevalence of smoking, the impact of ST-related policies (within WHO FCTC and beyond) on ST use is under-researched and not collated. Methods and analysis A systematic review will be conducted to collate all available ST-related policies implemented across various countries and assess their impact on ST use. The following databases will be searched: Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EconLit, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), African Index Medicus, LILACS, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region, Western Pacific Region Index Medicus and WHO Library Database, as well as Google search engine and country-specific government websites. All ST-related policy documents (FCTC and non-FCTC) will be included. Results will be limited to literature published since 2005 in English and regional languages (Bengali, Hindi and Urdu). Two reviewers will independently employ two-stage screening to determine inclusion. The Effective Public Health Practice Project's 'Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies' will be used to record ratings of quality and risk of bias among studies selected for inclusion. Data will be extracted using a standardised form. Meta-analysis and narrative synthesis will be used. Ethics and dissemination Permission for ethics exemption of the review was obtained from the Centre for Chronic Disease Control's Institutional Ethics Committee, India (CCDC-IEC-06-2020; dated 16 April 2020). The results will be disseminated through publications in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented in national and international conferences. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020191946. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman” is provided in this record*

FINE MAPPING OF MILK YIELD QTL ON CHROMOSOMES 6 AND 20 IN GERMAN HOLSTEIN POPULATION USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

ABSTRACT In German Holstein population a very signifi cant QTL with effects on milk yield trait (MY) was mapped on chromosome 6 and 20 to the interval BM143-ILSTS97 and AGLA29-ILSTS72, respectively. Where, three markers BM143, FBN13 and ILSTS97 on chromosome 6 and two markers AGLA29 and ILSTS72 on chromosome 20 were associated with highly signifi cant effects (P&lt;0.01) for milk yield. Findings from this study could be used in subsequent fi ne-mapping work and applied to marker-assisted selection (MAS) of dairy production traits

Von Neumann equations with time-dependent Hamiltonians and supersymmetric quantum mechanics

Starting with a time-independent Hamiltonian $h$ and an appropriately chosen solution of the von Neumann equation $i\dot\rho(t)=[ h,\rho(t)]$ we construct its binary-Darboux partner $h_1(t)$ and an exact scattering solution of $i\dot\rho_1(t)=[h_1(t),\rho_1(t)]$ where $h_1(t)$ is time-dependent and not isospectral to $h$. The method is analogous to supersymmetric quantum mechanics but is based on a different version of a Darboux transformation. We illustrate the technique by the example where $h$ corresponds to a 1-D harmonic oscillator. The resulting $h_1(t)$ represents a scattering of a soliton-like pulse on a three-level system.Comment: revtex, 3 eps file

Double Deep Q-Learning and Faster R-CNN-Based Autonomous Vehicle Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance in Dynamic Environment

Autonomous vehicle navigation in an unknown dynamic environment is crucial for both supervised- and Reinforcement Learning-based autonomous maneuvering. The cooperative fusion of these two learning approaches has the potential to be an effective mechanism to tackle indefinite environmental dynamics. Most of the state-of-the-art autonomous vehicle navigation systems are trained on a specific mapped model with familiar environmental dynamics. However, this research focuses on the cooperative fusion of supervised and Reinforcement Learning technologies for autonomous navigation of land vehicles in a dynamic and unknown environment. The Faster RCNN, a supervised learning approach, identifies the ambient environmental obstacles for untroubled maneuver of the autonomous vehicle. Whereas, the training policies of Double Deep Q-Learning, a Reinforcement Learning approach, enable the autonomous agent to learn effective navigation decisions form the dynamic environment. The proposed model is primarily tested in a gaming environment similar to the real-world. It exhibits the overall efficiency and effectiveness in the maneuver of autonomous land vehicles.publishedVersio

The effect of maternal common mental disorders on infant undernutrition in Butajira, Ethiopia: The P-MaMiE study

BACKGROUND: Although maternal common mental disorder (CMD) appears to be a risk factor for infant undernutrition in South Asian countries, the position in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is unclear METHODS: A population-based cohort of 1065 women, in the third trimester of pregnancy, was identified from the demographic surveillance site (DSS) in Butajira, to investigate the effect of maternal CMD on infant undernutrition in a predominantly rural Ethiopian population. Participants were interviewed at recruitment and at two months post-partum. Maternal CMD was measured using the locally validated Self-Reported Questionnaire (score of > or = six indicating high levels of CMD). Infant anthropometry was recorded at six and twelve months of age. RESULT: The prevalence of CMD was 12% during pregnancy and 5% at the two month postnatal time-point. In bivariate analysis antenatal CMD which had resolved after delivery predicted underweight at twelve months (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.50). There were no other statistically significant differences in the prevalence of underweight or stunted infants in mothers with high levels of CMD compared to those with low levels. The associations between CMD and infant nutritional status were not significant after adjusting for pre-specified potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Our negative finding adds to the inconsistent picture emerging from SSA. The association between CMD and infant undernutrition might be modified by study methodology as well as degree of shared parenting among family members, making it difficult to extrapolate across low- and middle-income countries

Anti-Staphylococcal Calopins from Fruiting Bodies of Caloboletus radicans

Three new and seven known calopins were isolated from Caloboletus radicans. The structures of the new cyclocalopins, 8-deacetylcyclocalopin B (1), cyclocalopin A-15-ol (2), and 12,15-dimethoxycyclocalopin A (3), were mainly elucidated by NMR and MS data analysis. The stereochemistry of 1–3 was assigned based on ROE correlations, coupling constants and by comparison of their CD spectra with those of similar known calopins. While 1–10 were inactive against two cancer cell lines, they displayed antistaphylococcal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) with MIC values of 16−256 μg/mL. Moreover, some calopins were active against the fish pathogen Enterococcus faecalis F1B1