A Disintegrin and Metalloenzyme (ADAM) 17 Activation Is Regulated by α5β1 Integrin in Kidney Mesangial Cells

The disintegrin and metalloenzyme ADAM17 participates in numerous inflammatory and proliferative diseases, and its pathophysiological role was implicated in kidney fibrosis, polycystic kidney disease and other chronic kidney diseases. At present, we have little understanding how the enzyme activity is regulated. In this study we wanted to characterize the role of α5β1 integrin in ADAM17 activity regulation during G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation.We showed previously that the profibrotic GPCR agonist serotonin (5-HT) induced kidney mesangial cell proliferation through ADAM17 activation and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) shedding. In the present studies we observed that in unstimulated mesangial cell lysates α5β1 integrin co-precipitated with ADAM17 and that 5-HT treatment of the cells induced dissociation of α5β1 integrin from ADAM17. Using fluorescence immunostaining and in situ proximity ligation assay, we identified the perinuclear region as the localization of the ADAM17/α5β1 integrin interaction. In cell-free assays, we showed that purified α5β1 integrin and β1 integrin dose-dependently bound to and inhibited activity of recombinant ADAM17. We provided evidence that the conformation of the integrin determines its ADAM17-binding ability. To study the effect of β1 integrin on ADAM17 sheddase activity, we employed alkaline phosphatase-tagged HB-EGF. Overexpression of β1 integrin lead to complete inhibition of 5-HT-induced HB-EGF shedding and silencing β1 integrin by siRNA significantly increased mesangial cells ADAM17 responsiveness to 5-HT.Our data show for the first time that β1 integrin has an important physiological role in ADAM17 activity regulation. We suggest that regulating α5β1 integrin binding to ADAM17 could be an attractive therapeutic target in chronic kidney diseases

Deletion of airway cilia results in noninflammatory bronchiectasis and hyperreactive airways

The mechanisms for the development of bronchiectasis and airway hyperreactivity have not been fully elucidated. Although genetic, acquired diseases and environmental influences may play a role, it is also possible that motile cilia can influence this disease process. We hypothesized that deletion of a key intraflagellar transport molecule, IFT88, in mature mice causes loss of cilia, resulting in airway remodeling. Airway cilia were deleted by knockout of IFT88, and airway remodeling and pulmonary function were evaluated. In IFT88− mice there was a substantial loss of airway cilia on respiratory epithelium. Three months after the deletion of cilia, there was clear evidence for bronchial remodeling that was not associated with inflammation or apparent defects in mucus clearance. There was evidence for airway epithelial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. IFT88− mice exhibited increased airway reactivity to a methacholine challenge and decreased ciliary beat frequency in the few remaining cells that possessed cilia. With deletion of respiratory cilia there was a marked increase in the number of club cells as seen by scanning electron microscopy. We suggest that airway remodeling may be exacerbated by the presence of club cells, since these cells are involved in airway repair. Club cells may be prevented from differentiating into respiratory epithelial cells because of a lack of IFT88 protein that is necessary to form a single nonmotile cilium. This monocilium is a prerequisite for these progenitor cells to transition into respiratory epithelial cells. In conclusion, motile cilia may play an important role in controlling airway structure and function

Cell free assays show ADAM17 binding to α5β1 integrin and changes in ADAM17 activity.

<p>(A) Recombinant ADAM17 binds purified α5β1 integrin and recombinant β1 integrin in a cell free binding assay. Plates pre-coated with antibodies against α5β1 integrin or β1 integrin were incubated with purified α5β1 integrin or with β1 recombinant integrin, individually. Recombinant ADAM17 was then added at the indicated concentrations and ADAM17 binding was measured using a colorimetric assay at 450 nm as described in Methods. Data are expressed as mean±S.D. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 <i>vs</i> control; data from 4 experiments with 3 parallels/each condition are shown. (B) Purified α5β1 integrin and recombinant β1 integrin decrease ADAM17 enzymatic activity. Recombinant ADAM17 (10 ng/ml) was incubated alone or together with either purified α5β1 integrin (25 ng/ml or 250 ng/ml) or with β1 recombinant integrin (12 ng/ml or 120 ng/ml), in OG buffer in the presence of a quenched fluorogenic ADAM17 substrate. Enzyme activity was expressed as the rate of change of relative fluorescence units (ΔRFUs⁻¹); *p<0.05, **p<0.01 <i>vs</i> control; data from four experiments with eight parallels/each condition are shown.</p

Manganase²⁺ stimulation decreases association of ADAM17 to β1 integrin and leads to increased ADAM17 activity.

<p>(A) Control and manganese stimulated (1 mM MnCl₂ in PIPES buffer for 2 min) mesangial cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with ADAM17 antibody. Samples were resolved on a 3–8% Tris-acetate gel and probed for β1 integrin and α5 integrin by Western blotting. Immunoblotting for ADAM17 served as loading control. Arrows point to specific and non-specific (NS) bands. One representative blot out of three is shown. (B) Mesangial cells were transfected with AP-HB-EGF construct and stimulated with 1 mM MnCl₂ in PIPES buffer. HB-EGF shedding was expressed as mean±S.D. of fold increase in the rate of change of relative fluorescence units (RFU); **p<0.01 <i>vs</i> control; n = three experiments, 6 parallels/each condition.</p