Wild Bee Conservation within Urban Gardens and Nurseries: Effects of Local and Landscape Management

Across urban environments, vegetated habitats provide refuge for biodiversity. Gardens (designed for food crop production) and nurseries (designed for ornamental plant production) are both urban agricultural habitats characterized by high plant species richness but may vary in their ability to support wild pollinators, particularly bees. In gardens, pollinators are valued for crop production. In nurseries, ornamental plants rarely require pollination; thus, the potential of nurseries to support pollinators has not been examined. We asked how these habitats vary in their ability to support wild bees, and what habitat features relate to this variability. In 19 gardens and 11 nurseries in California, USA, we compared how local habitat and landscape features affected wild bee species abundance and richness. To assess local features, we estimated floral richness and measured ground cover as proxies for food and nesting resources, respectively. To assess landscape features, we measured impervious land cover surrounding each site. Our analyses showed that differences in floral richness, local habitat size, and the amount of urban land cover impacted garden wild bee species richness. In nurseries, floral richness and the proportion of native plant species impacted wild bee abundance and richness. We suggest management guidelines for supporting wild pollinators in both habitats.DFG, 414044773, Open Access Publizieren 2019 - 2020 / Technische Universität Berli

Hubungan Persalinan Tindakan Ekstraksi Vakum dengan Anemia pada Persalinan Cukup Bulan di RSUD Dr. Soedarso Pontianak Tahun 2009-2011

Latar Belakang: Persalinan tindakan ekstraksi vakum bertujuan untukmembantu proses persalinan yang mengalami penyulit. Gangguan prosespersalinan pada komponen power seperti gangguan his, gangguankekuatan mengedan, dan kala II lama bisa berakhir pada persalinantindakan. Gangguan tersebut bisa disebabkan oleh anemia padapersalinan. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara persalinan tindakanekstraksi vakum dengan anemia pada persalinan cukup bulan di RSUD dr.Soedarso Pontianak 2009-2011. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studianalitik dengan pendekatan case control yang dilakukan terhadap 48rekam medik pasien dengan persalinan spontan sebagai kontrol dan 48rekam medik pasien dengan persalinan ekstraksi vakum sebagai kasus.Hasil: Pada kelompok kontrol didapatkan 14 pasien (29,17%) mengalamianemia dan 34 pasien (70,83%) tidak anemia. Pada kelompok kasusdidapatkan 28 pasien (58,33%) dengan anemia dan 20 pasien (41,67%)tidak anemia. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan hubungan antara anemiapada persalinan dengan kejadian persalinan ekstraksi vakum (p= 0,04)dengan Odd Rasio 3,4. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antarapersalinan ekstraksi vakum dengan anemia pada persalinan cukup bulandi RSUD dr. Soedarso Pontianak 2009-2011 dan ibu hamil dengananemia saat persalinan memiliki risiko 3,4 kali mengalami persalinanekstraksi vakum

FDI and Domestic Investment: An Industry-Level View

Previous empirical work on the link between domestic and foreign investment provides mixed results which partly depend on the level of aggregation of the data. We argue that the aggregated home country implications of foreign direct investment (FDI) cannot be gauged using firm-level data. Aggregated data, in turn, miss channels through which domestic and foreign activities interact. Instead, industry-level data provide useful information on the link between domestic and foreign investment. We theoretically show that the effects of FDI on the domestic capital stock depend on the structure of industries and the relative importance of domestic and multinational firms. Our model allows distinguishing intra-sector competition from inter-sector linkage effects. We test the model using data on German FDI. Using panel cointegration methods, we find evidence for a positive long-run impact of FDI on the domestic capital stock and on the stock of inward FDI. Effects of FDI on the domestic capital stock are driven mainly by intrasector effects. For inward FDI, inter-sector linkages matter as well

M3.5 ‐ Organic plant breeding in a systems‐based approach and integration of organic plant breeding in value chain partnerships

Developing organic breeding is a key challenge for the organic sector. It is necessary to better adapt varieties to the specific needs of the organic sector (disease resistance, taste, weed suppressing ability, etc). It is also important to enable the organic sector to face the requirements of the New Organic Regulation (EU 2018/848). From 2036, exemptions to the use non‐organic seeds will not be granted any more (Article 53, Regulation 2018/848). The active participation of breeders, farmers, processors, retailers and traders is crucial to develop organic breeding. They all play a critical role and share the responsibility in upscaling organic plant breeding and ensuring future food security, food quality and climate robust agriculture as well as integrity of the value chain. Even consumers could take part in supporting organic plant breeding with informed purchases. On the 12 of February 2019, IFOAM EU, the Louis Bolk Institute (Netherlands) and FiBL Switzerland co‐organized a workshop ‘Organic plant breeding in a system‐based approach and integration of organic plant breeding in value chain partnership’ as part of the Horizon 2020 project LIVESEED. The workshop took place at the largest organic trade fair at Nürnberg Messe biofach to reach out to different actors of the organic sector. The main objective of this workshop was to gather interested stakeholders across the value chain to discuss the responsibilities and their potential concrete engagements in facilitating organic plant breeding. Organized as a world café workshop 1, the participants had the opportunity to discuss three main issues: - Why should different value chain actors support organic plant breeding? - The advantage of organic plant breeding for the value chain (farmer, processors, traders). - The advantage of organic plant breeding for consumers and society (local and global). This report describes in detail the main conclusion of the discussions held during this workshop

Financial Constraints and the Margins of FDI

Recent literature on multinational firms has stressed the importance of low productivity as a barrier to the cross-border expansion of firms. But firms may also need external finance to shoulder the costs of entering foreign markets. We develop a model of multinational firms facing real and financial barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI), and we analyze their im-pact on the FDI decision (the extensive margin) and foreign affiliate sales (the intensive margin). We provide empirical evidence based on a detailed dataset of German multinationals which contains information on parent-level and affiliate-level financial constraints as well as on the location the foreign affiliates. We find that financial factors constrain firms’ foreign investment decisions, an effect felt in particular by large firms. Financial constraints at the parent level matter for the extensive, but less so for the intensive margin. For the intensive margin, financial constraints at the affiliate level are relatively more important