Ethyl 2-[1-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-2,5-dioxo-1,2,3,5-tetra­hydro­imidazo[1′,2′:1,2]pyrimidino[5,4-b][1]benzofuran-3-yl]acetate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H16ClN3O5, consists of two crystallographically independent mol­ecules. The fused rings of the imidazo[1,2-a]benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine system are nearly coplanar and the chlorophenyl rings are twisted with respect to the two pyrimidinone ring systems by 71.00 (2) and 62.59 (2)°. The C atoms of the ethyl side chain are disordered and were refined using a split model. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are connected via weak intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are present. The ethyl group in one molecule is disordered over two positions, with site occupancy factors 0.55 and 0.45; in the other molecule only the methyl group is disordered over two positions, with site occupancy factors 0.6 and 0.4

COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN PERIOSTIN AND OSTEOCALCIN AS BIOMARKERS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS AND FRACTURE RISK IN EGYPTIAN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Objective: This study aimed to compare between periostin and osteocalcin as biomarkers in Egyptian postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and to explore their possible relationship with fracture risk. Methods: This study included 90 postmenopausal females recruited from Al-Hussein University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt; divided into three groups; 35 postmenopausal osteoporotic females with low fracture risk (group I), 35 postmenopausal osteoporotic females with high fracture risk (group II), and 20 apparently healthy controls. Serum periostin, osteocalcin, and estrogen were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Fracture risk assessment was calculated. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total and ionized calcium, Aspartate transaminase (AST), and Alanine transaminase (ALT) were measured spectrophotometrically. Results: The diagnostic performance of periostin for discriminating high fracture risk from low fracture risk groups showed the specificity of (68.6 %) and sensitivity of (100 %), while for osteocalcin the specificity was (51.4 %) and the sensitivity was (68.6 %) respectively. Moreover, the multi Receiver Operating Characteristics (multi-ROC) curve for periostin and osteocalcin together revealed improved specificity and sensitivity of (100 %) each. Conclusion: Periostin was superior to osteocalcin in discriminating high fracture risk from low fracture risk postmenopausal osteoporotic groups. Moreover, dual use of both markers gave the highest discriminative power between low and high fracture risk groups with 100 % specificity and sensitivity

2-(2-Hydroxy­ethyl­amino)-3-phenyl-1-benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one dichloro­methane hemisolvate

In the title compound, C18H15N3O3·0.5CH2Cl2, the fused ring benzofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine system is essentially planar [maximum deviation 0.029 (1) Å]. The planes of the pyrimidinone and phenyl rings are nearly perpendicular [dihedral angle = 87.50 (14)°]. The packing of the mol­ecules in the crystal structure is governed mainly by inter­molecular O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions and inter­molecular π–π inter­actions between benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine units [the interplanar distances are ca 3.4 and 3.5 Å, and the distances between adjacent ring centroids are in the range 3.64 (1)–3.76 (1) Å]. The dichloromethane solvent molecule lies on a special position

3,3′-(1,4-Phenyl­ene)bis­[2-(propyl­amino)­benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one] ethanol disolvate

The title compound, C32H28N6O4·2C2H5OH, consists of two 2-(propyl­amino)­benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one units connected, via one of the pyrimidine N atoms, to a bridging benzene ring in the 1,4 positions. Two ethanol solvent mol­ecules are also present. The main mol­ecule lies on a center of symmetry located at the center of the benzene ring. The fused-ring system of the benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine moiety is nearly planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.016 Å) and forms a dihedral angle of 78.21 (7)° with the central benzene ring. The crystal structure features O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O inter­actions. The C atoms of the propyl­amino side chain in the main mol­ecule and the ethyl group in the solvent mol­ecule are disordered over two positions, with site-occupancy factors 0.34:0.66 and 0.42:0.58, respectively

Ethyl (2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-1-benzofuro[3,2-d]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetate

In the title compound, C22H17N3O5, synthesized via the aza-Wittig reaction of ethyl 3-(phenyl­imino­methyl­ene­amino)­benzofuran-2-carboxyl­ate, benzene isocyanate and diethyl 2-amino­succinate, the imidazo[1,2-a]benzo[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrim­idine ring system is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation for all 16 non-H atoms = 0.020 Å). The phenyl ring is twisted with respect to this ring system, making a dihedral angle of 54.23 (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions

Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Plants as a Defense Mechanism: Role and Function Concerning Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetic Properties

Flavonoids are a major class of secondary metabolites that comprises more than 6000 compounds that have been identified. They are biosynthesized via the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway that involves groups of enzymes such as isomerases, hydroxylases, and reductases that greatly affect the determination of the flavonoid skeleton. For example, transferase enzymes responsible for the modification of sugar result in changes in the physiological activity of the flavonoids and changes in their physical properties, such as solubility, reactivity, and interaction with cellular target molecules, which affect their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, flavonoids have diverse biological activities such as antioxidants, anticancer, and antiviral in managing Alzheimer’s disease. However, most marine flavonoids are still incompletely discovered because marine flavonoid biosynthesis is produced and possesses unique substitutions that are not commonly found in terrestrial bioactive compounds. The current chapter will illustrate the importance of flavonoids’ role in metabolism and the main difference between marine and terrestrial flavonoids

Long‐term care facilities' response to the COVID ‐19 pandemic: An international, cross‐sectional survey

Aims To (i) assess the adherence of long‐term care (LTC) facilities to the COVID‐19 prevention and control recommendations, (ii) identify predictors of this adherence and (iii) examine the association between the adherence level and the impact of the pandemic on selected unfavourable conditions. Design Cross‐sectional survey. Methods Managers (n = 212) and staff (n = 2143) of LTC facilities (n = 223) in 13 countries/regions (Brazil, Egypt, England, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Spain, Thailand and Turkey) evaluated the adherence of LTC facilities to COVID‐19 prevention and control recommendations and the impact of the pandemic on unfavourable conditions related to staff, residents and residents' families. The characteristics of participants and LTC facilities were also gathered. Data were collected from April to October 2021. The study was reported following the STROBE guidelines. Results The adherence was significantly higher among facilities with more pre‐pandemic in‐service education on infection control and easier access to information early in the pandemic. Residents' feelings of loneliness and feeling down were the most affected conditions by the pandemic. More psychological support to residents was associated with fewer residents' aggressive behaviours, and more psychological support to staff was associated with less work–life imbalance. Conclusions Pre‐pandemic preparedness significantly shaped LTC facilities' response to the pandemic. Adequate psychological support to residents and staff might help mitigate the negative impacts of infection outbreaks. Impact This is the first study to comprehensively examine the adherence of LTC facilities to COVID‐19 prevention and control recommendations. The results demonstrated that the adherence level was significantly related to pre‐pandemic preparedness and that adequate psychological support to staff and residents was significantly associated with less negative impacts of the pandemic on LTC facilities' staff and residents. The results would help LTC facilities prepare for and respond to future infection outbreaks. Patient or public contribution No Patient or Public Contribution

Review of artificial recharge prospects for augmentation of groundwater in Egypt: A case study of El Bustan extension area

Artificial recharge (AR) is the process whereby surface water is directed purposely underground to augment natural replenishment of groundwater reserves. During the period 1996–1998, the Research Institute for Groundwater started artificial recharge using infiltration basins in El Bustan experimental station in the western Nile Delta region. Recently, during the period 2020–2021, artificial recharge activities have been resumed in the experimental station. In this work, changes in hydrological conditions affecting the experimental station since its inception are reviewed and assessed. Artificial recharge using the infiltration basin are then applied, where results of these experiments are evaluated and compared to the previous ones. This is achieved with the objective of making an updated evaluation of the prospects of artificial recharge considering the changes in hydrological conditions. The study revealed that rise of groundwater levels is the major change affecting aquifer conditions in the study area. Such progressive rise of groundwater levels resulted in reducing the vadose zone thickness by more than 50% of its original thickness in 1996. This rise is attributed to uncontrolled recharge due seepage from nearby canals and irrigation return flow in the western Nile Delta region for the past 25 years. In view of the impacts of uncontrolled recharge, it is concluded that future work should shift from AR to managed aquifer recharge (MAR) to store water in the aquifer for subsequent recovery. It is recommended that further studies should use numerical modeling for exploring MAR schemes that can sustain the aquifer hydrologic equilibrium. Such MAR schemes should facilitate conjunctive use of surface and groundwater for improved water use management in the western Nile Delta region