Women's Education Level, Maternal Health Facilities, Abortion Legislation and Maternal Deaths: A Natural Experiment in Chile from 1957 to 2007

The aim of this study was to assess the main factors related to maternal mortality reduction in large time series available in Chile in context of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Time series of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) from official data (National Institute of Statistics, 1957-2007) along with parallel time series of education years, income per capita, fertility rate (TFR), birth order, clean water, sanitary sewer, and delivery by skilled attendants were analysed using autoregressive models (ARIMA). Historical changes on the mortality trend including the effect of different educational and maternal health policies implemented in 1965, and legislation that prohibited abortion in 1989 were assessed utilizing segmented regression techniques.During the 50-year study period, the MMR decreased from 293.7 to 18.2/100,000 live births, a decrease of 93.8%. Women's education level modulated the effects of TFR, birth order, delivery by skilled attendants, clean water, and sanitary sewer access. In the fully adjusted model, for every additional year of maternal education there was a corresponding decrease in the MMR of 29.3/100,000 live births. A rapid phase of decline between 1965 and 1981 (-13.29/100,000 live births each year) and a slow phase between 1981 and 2007 (-1.59/100,000 live births each year) were identified. After abortion was prohibited, the MMR decreased from 41.3 to 12.7 per 100,000 live births (-69.2%). The slope of the MMR did not appear to be altered by the change in abortion law.Increasing education level appears to favourably impact the downward trend in the MMR, modulating other key factors such as access and utilization of maternal health facilities, changes in women's reproductive behaviour and improvements of the sanitary system. Consequently, different MDGs can act synergistically to improve maternal health. The reduction in the MMR is not related to the legal status of abortion

Nutritive Value of an Extrusion‐Texturized Peanut Protein

Defatted peanut flour was texturized in a Wenger X‐25 extruder at 25.1% moisture content and 140°C product temperature. Texturization did not have any significant effect on the amino acid pattern nor on the PER of defatted flour. For example, the PER of the flour was 1.57 as compared to 1.54 for the textured product. Supplementation of both products with 0.3% DL‐threonine, 0.2% L‐lysine and 0.2% DI ‐methionine resulted in a 39 and 41% increase in PER, respectively (PER = 2.18). Copyright © 1981, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserve

Comparative nitrogen balance study between young and aged adults using three levels of protein intake from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture

The protein requirement and the efficiency of protein use were studied in young and old adult human subjects. Protein intake levels (Nx6.25) of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight per day from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture were fed. Caloric intake was held constant at 40 kcal/kg body weight per day throughout the 11-day study of each dietary period. No significant differences were observed in their protein requirement, efficiency of protein use or the ability to adapt to changes of protein intake levels. Protein digestibility was not impaired in the aged. It is concluded that the protein requirement and the efficiency of protein use are not affected by the aging process