Judging Risk

Risk assessment plays an increasingly pervasive role in criminal justice in the United States at all stages of the process, from policing, to pre-trial, sentencing, corrections, and during parole. As efforts to reduce incarceration have led to adoption of risk-assessment tools, critics have begun to ask whether various instruments in use are valid and whether they might reinforce rather than reduce bias in criminal justice outcomes. Such work has neglected how decisionmakers use risk-assessment in practice. In this Article, we examine in detail the judging of risk assessment and we study why decisionmakers so often fail to consistently use such quantitative information

Leadership frames of presidents of Master I Higher Education Institutions

This study examined the leadership styles of presidents at Master\u27s I institutions as defined by the Carnegie Foundation (2001), and called the Middle Child of Public Higher Education . The entire population of 494 presidents was surveyed and a response rate of 51.4% was obtained. This study examined the relationships between leadership style and specific demographic variables.;Bolman and Deal devised a four-frame model that included the structural, human resource, political, and symbolic leadership frames. These frames, or windows, allow users to view the world and problems from various perspectives. The structural frame relates to hierarchy and formal rules. The human resource frame focuses on the people in the organization. The political frame views organizations as arenas where participants compete over resources, power, influence, and interests. The symbolic frame focuses on the ceremonies, culture, and myths within an organization. Leaders may predominantly use one style, but are better equipped to handle complex problems by using a multi-frame style.;The Leadership Orientations (Self) 1990 instrument was utilized to reveal that Masters I presidents employed in a statistically significant manner a multi-style approach (43.7%), followed by a paired-style (22.4%), then a single-style (20.9%), and finally, a no-style (13%) leadership orientation. Further, it was found that frame utilization was statistically significant. The frames employed in descending order were human resources (30.7%), structural (22.5%), political (22.5%), symbolic (18.8%) and no-frame (5.5%).;The respondents were predominantly Caucasian (86.6%) male (76.8), married (79.4%) in their first presidency (70.5%), had been in the position less than ten years (60.1%) and were over the age of sixty (47.2%) Their previous position was chief academic officer (47.2%) or president of another institution (26.2%) Nearly 90% had earned doctorates, Ph.D. (73.6%) or Ed.D. (16.1%) with education (31.6%) as the primary area of academic expertise.;The findings produced no statistically significant differences when comparing leadership style and institutional variables, demographic variables, first time presidents or length of time as president.;Leadership is a complex phenomenon that cannot be explained by this set of variables and may be situational in context. Further study can assist in identifying effective leadership variables

Japanese investment in U.S. real estate : status, trends and outlook

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.Bibliography: leaves 204-214.by Russell C. Lindner and Edward L. Monahan, Jr.M.S

Do As I Say - Not As I Do: American Colleges Preach to Corporate America About Diversity

Dramatic demographic changes are occurring in our society as our students and workforce becomes more diverse. The literature cites the benefits of having a diverse workforce for innovation, problem-solving, and competitive advantage. Institutions of higher education chastise business for not being inclusive in their senior management positions. However, a study of Masters I institutions revealed that their presidents are predominantly Caucasian (87%), married (79%), male (77%), first time presidents (71%), between 50-59 years of age (49%), with an earned doctorate (90%) and reached the presidency via Academic Affairs (47%). The presidents of Masters I institutions are not representative of the general population and in most cases; are not representative of their student populations. This may become a problem as both the general and student population continues to transform and the necessity of working collaboratively with people of different backgrounds, skills and values becomes more pronounced

Having the Right Tools: The Leadership Frames of University Presidents

The presidency at an institution of higher education demands a person with a multiplicity of skills in order to deal with a multitude of internal and external stakeholders. They must be able to multitask and seek competitive advantage to deal with a myriad of stakeholders. Bolman and Deal postulated that leaders who analyze problems from a variety of perspectives were able to solve more complex problems. This study examined the leadership frames of University presidents. The findings show these frames presented in descending order: human resources, structural, political, symbolic and the absence of the any particular frame. By viewing problems from numerous perspectives, leaders may be able to perform more creative problem solving to better address stakeholders\u27 concerns

Teleconnected warm and cold extremes of North American wintertime temperatures

Current models for spatial extremes are concerned with the joint upper (or lower) tail of the distribution at two or more locations. Such models cannot account for teleconnection patterns of two-meter surface air temperature ($T_{2m}$) in North America, where very low temperatures in the contiguous Unites States (CONUS) may coincide with very high temperatures in Alaska in the wintertime. This dependence between warm and cold extremes motivates the need for a model with opposite-tail dependence in spatial extremes. This work develops a statistical modeling framework which has flexible behavior in all four pairings of high and low extremes at pairs of locations. In particular, we use a mixture of rotations of common Archimedean copulas to capture various combinations of four-corner tail dependence. We study teleconnected $T_{2m}$ extremes using ERA5 reanalysis of daily average two-meter temperature during the boreal winter. The estimated mixture model quantifies the strength of opposite-tail dependence between warm temperatures in Alaska and cold temperatures in the midlatitudes of North America, as well as the reverse pattern. These dependence patterns are shown to correspond to blocked and zonal patterns of mid-tropospheric flow. This analysis extends the classical notion of correlation-based teleconnections to considering dependence in higher quantiles

Site-Specific Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids into Receptors Expressed in Mammalian Cells

AbstractWe describe an approach to achieve unnatural amino acid incorporation into channels and receptors expressed in mammalian cells. We show that microelectroporation provides a general method to deliver DNA, mRNA, and tRNA simultaneously. In both CHO cells and cultured neurons, microelectroporation efficiently delivers an in vitro transcribed, serine amber suppressor tRNA, leading to nonsense suppression in a mutant EGFP gene. In CHO cells, both natural and unnatural amino acids chemically appended to a suppressor tRNA are site specifically incorporated into the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Electrophysiology confirms the expected functional consequences of the unnatural residue. The microelectroporation strategy described here is more general, less tedious, and less damaging to mammalian neuronal and nonneuronal cells than previous approaches to nonsense suppression in small cells and provides the first example of unnatural amino acid incorporation in mammalian cells using chemically aminoacylated tRNA

Collecting During the Indian Craze: Analyzing the Harry L. George Collection of Native American Art

This thesis examines the concepts of primary and secondary markets utilized by artists and collectors of Native American art at the turn of the 20th century. This time period was coined by art historian Elizabeth Hutchinson as “the Indian Craze.” It describes the time period in which large quantities of Native American material culture was collected by anthropologists, museums, and private collectors, who feared the Indigenous artists and their cultures would certainly perish. Missouri collector Harry L. George systematically collected material culture from a variety of Indigenous cultures around the United States. However, for the scope of this project, my research investigates how George acquired Lakota material culture from primary markets (curio catalogs and directly from artists) and secondary markets (other collectors and dealers). My personal interest in Lakota material culture, paired with what I feel is a gap in the literature, adds to this case study. As I demonstrate, Lakota materials were discussed and described in a unique manner that resonated with collectors because of the Lakota peoples complicated history with the United States government and their romanticized image within popular culture. Lakota artists were able to mediate this imagined expectation by promoting their material culture in a way that worked to their advantage. My study is supported by archival research, visual analysis, and textual examination. Utilizing archived correspondences between George and other collectors, curio-dealers, and Lakota artists, I explore how artists and collectors mediated their and other people’s identities in order to drive market demands for Indigenous material culture. I argue the George collection gives scholars important access to understanding the understudied networks for collecting Indigenous material culture during the Indian Craze