Evolution and environment of the eastern linear pottery culture: A case study in the site of Polgár-Piócási-Dűlő

A salvage excavation preceding a major investment project was conducted in 2006–2007, during which associated settlement features of a Middle Neolithic, Eastern Linear Pottery Culture (Alföld Linearbandkeramik – ALBK) were uncovered in an area called Piócási-dűlő on the eastern outskirts of Polgár. The features of the ALBK settlement date from two periods. The cluster of multi-functional pits yielding a rich assortment of finds, the handful of post-holes and an unusual ritual well found in the southern part of the investigated area formed one unit from the earliest phase of the Middle Neolithic (ALBK I). The settlement’s other occupation can be assigned to the late phase of the Middle Neolithic (ALBK IV). Five houseplans representing the remains of timber-framed buildings outlined a distinct area with three multi-functional pits. Associated with the above features were 8 burials. The preliminary archaeobotanical results from Polgár–Piócási-dűlő are based on the plant material found within the sediments of 11 archaeological structures, which mainly represent pits and a welI. It can be stated that the natural environment offered habitats in which oak trees dominated in the local vegetation, forming floodplain forests and wooded steppes. They also provided food in the form of fruits and formed an optimal habitat for domestic animals. Arable fields were probably also established in the vicinity of the settlements, suggested by findings of macroscopic plant remains that represented cultivated species. In both settlement phases lithic production activities are manifested both by the local on-site lithic production and – most importantly – by the presence of imported, mainly mesolocal, raw materials that point to contacts with deposit areas, or off-site preliminary working of obsidian and limnoquartzites. The kit of harvesting tools and a large number of grinding stones – especially in the younger phase – for the preparation of plant food suggest a major role of plant cultivation

O sujeito das neurociências The subject of the neurosciences

Este ensaio trata da noção de subjetividade com a qual as neurociências operam, mas também aponta para o que tem sido o assunto principal e a pretensão desta disciplina no século XXI: a ideia de que o pensamento em sentido lato e a experiência subjetiva podem ser entendidos e explicados pela atividade de nossos neurônios. A versão mainstream dos estudos sobre o cérebro parte da premissa - que eles não discutem - de que o pensamento deriva do funcionamento cerebral e é basicamente determinado por ele. Se penso como penso, se sinto o que sinto, se faço o que faço, enfim, se sou como sou, é porque meu cérebro é como é. Encontro-me, assim, condensado e aprisionado neste órgão transformado em piloto de mim mesmo. Investigamos esta problemática, destacando as estatísticas sobre o consumo de psicofármacos, a história da vinculação entre cérebro e pensamento e, por fim, os programas de pesquisa em neurociências.<br>This essay discusses the notion of subjectivity under which the neurosciences operate, but also points to what has been the main topic and goal of this subject in the 21t century: the idea that thinking broadly and subjective experiences can be understood and explained by the activity of our neurons. The mainstream version of the studies on the brain part from the premise - which they do not argue - that thought derives from the cerebral functions and is basically determined by it. If I think as I do, if I feel what I feel, if I do what I do, in sum, if I am as I am, it is because my brain is how it is. Thus, I find myself condensed and trapped in this organ, turned into a pilot of myself. We investigate this issue, highlighting the statistics on psychotropic drug use, the history of the connection between the brain and thought and, finally, the research programs in neuroscience

Freud e a filogenia anímica Freud and the animic phylogeny

Este ensaio investiga a presença, na obra de Freud, da idéia de uma filogenia anímica paralela, concomitante e dependente da filogenia somática descrita pelos teóricos da evolução. Objetivamos mostrar como se forma esta vizinhança da psicanálise com a biologia evolutiva, sublinhando que na filogenia esboçada por Freud, formas psíquicas típicas se sucedem na história da espécie humana, sendo repetidas por cada indivíduo em sua ontogenia singular. Tal como ocorre no plano somático, tempo e forma se associam intimamente na espécie e nos indivíduos. A presença desta idéia no pensamento freudiano abriu um debate sobre sua filiação lamarckista ou darwinista.<br>This essay investigates the presence, in Freud´s work, of the idea of an animic phylogeny parallel, concomitant and dependent of the somatic phylogeny that the theoreticians of evolution describe. Our objective is to show how this neighborhood between psychoanalysis and evolutionary theory is formed. To do so, we stress that, in the phylogeny theory that Freud sketches, typical psychic forms occurs in the history of the human kind in a way that each individual repeats it in its singular ontogeny. As it happens in the somatic level, time and form are intimately associated in the species and in the individuals. The presence of that idea in Freud´s work has opened a debate about his Darwinist or Lamarckist inspiration