モンゴルコク カチクニュウ オヨビ ニュウセイヒンチュウ ノ サイキン ノ クローン ライブラリーホウ ニヨル カイセキ

Various animal milks and their dairy products like AIRAG (fermented horse milk) and yogurt are very popular among Mongolian people. The climate of Mongolia is very severe, and they preserve their health by the intake of above animal milks and dairy products. In this study, we explored the diversity of bacteria in Mongolian animal milks (Cow, Horse, Goat, and Camel), AIRAG, and Camel milk yogurt by the clone library method of their 16S rRNA genes. Firstly, we prepared the whole genomic DNA from four animal milks and two dairy products, and amplified each 16S rRNA genes by PCR. PCR products (about 1.4kbp) were cloned into pGEM-T vector, and analyzed DNA sequences of totally 79 clones from AIRAG, Camel milk yogurt, and four animal milks. It was revealed that homologous clones to Lactobacillus helveticus are dominant in the clone libraries of both dairy products, whereas the other clones to Lactococcus from AIRAG, and Acetobacter from camel milk yogurt. Furthermore, We found that homologous clones to Lactococcus are dominant in Mongolian cow and horse milks, whereas Leuconostoc in camel milk. Therefore, it might be useful information for screening the bioactive strains from milk products in Mongolia

Neural basis of stimulus-angle-dependent motor control of wind-elicited walking behavior in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.

Crickets exhibit oriented walking behavior in response to air-current stimuli. Because crickets move in the opposite direction from the stimulus source, this behavior is considered to represent 'escape behavior' from an approaching predator. However, details of the stimulus-angle-dependent control of locomotion during the immediate phase, and the neural basis underlying the directional motor control of this behavior remain unclear. In this study, we used a spherical-treadmill system to measure locomotory parameters including trajectory, turn angle and velocity during the immediate phase of responses to air-puff stimuli applied from various angles. Both walking direction and turn angle were correlated with stimulus angle, but their relationships followed different rules. A shorter stimulus also induced directionally-controlled walking, but reduced the yaw rotation in stimulus-angle-dependent turning. These results suggest that neural control of the turn angle requires different sensory information than that required for oriented walking. Hemi-severance of the ventral nerve cords containing descending axons from the cephalic to the prothoracic ganglion abolished stimulus-angle-dependent control, indicating that this control required descending signals from the brain. Furthermore, we selectively ablated identified ascending giant interneurons (GIs) in vivo to examine their functional roles in wind-elicited walking. Ablation of GI8-1 diminished control of the turn angle and decreased walking distance in the initial response. Meanwhile, GI9-1b ablation had no discernible effect on stimulus-angle-dependent control or walking distance, but delayed the reaction time. These results suggest that the ascending signals conveyed by GI8-1 are required for turn-angle control and maintenance of walking behavior, and that GI9-1b is responsible for rapid initiation of walking. It is possible that individual types of GIs separately supply the sensory signals required to control wind-elicited walking

Effects of single-GI ablation on stimulus-angle dependencies of walking direction and turn angle.

<p>Left drawings show morphology of GI8-1 (upper) and GI9-1b within TAG. A, Plots of walking direction (A1) and turn angle (A2) against stimulus angle in GI8-1-ablated crickets. Red dots and lines represent ablated sample (N = 6) and gray ones represent controls (N = 8). The approximate lines are given by (ablated) and (control). Distributions of the turn angles in A2 were given by (ablated) and (control). Ablation of GI8-1 had no effect on stimulus-angle dependency of walking direction, but did affect turn angle. Plots of walking direction (B1) and turn angle (B2) against stimulus angle in GI9-1b-ablated crickets. Blue dots and lines represent ablated sample (N = 3) and gray ones represent controls. The approximate lines were given by (ablated) and (control). Distributions of the turn angles were approximated by (ablated) and (control). The stimulus-angle dependencies of walking direction and turn angle were not significantly affected by GI9-1b ablation.</p

Effects of ablation of single GI on walking distance and response latency.

<p>Columns and error bars indicate mean ± S.E.M. of all data for GI8-1-ablated (N = 6), GI9-1b-ablated (N = 3) and control samples (N = 8). A, Walking distances during initial responses in GI8-1- and GI9-1b-ablated crickets. GI8-1 ablation reduced the walking distance, while GI9-1b ablation had no effect on this parameter. B, Response latency in GI8-1- and GI9-1b-ablated crickets. Response latency was prolonged by GI9-1b ablation, but was not significantly affected by GI8-1 ablation.</p

Effects of nerve-cord ablation on walking distance and response latency.

<p>Columns and error bars indicate mean ± S.E.M. of all data for each experimental condition. A, Walking distance in animals with various patterns of nerve-cord ablation. Bilateral ablation (ambi-cut) of connective nerve cord between SOG and PTG reduced walking distance. B, Response latency in animals with various patterns of nerve-cord ablation. Fourth AG and TAG hemi-cut had no effects, while hemi- and ambi-cut of the nerve cord at SOG-PTG reduced response latency.</p

Response probability of wind-elicited walking in various patterns of nerve-cord ablation.

<p>Bars represent percentages of animals exhibiting walking behavior in response to air-current stimulation from eight different angles. In the hemi-cut experiments, the angles on the cut side of the nerve cord are indicated as minus values. Control animals (N = 5, for each condition) were subjected to similar dissections to expose the nerve cords, but without ablation. * indicates that the AIC value of the model containing the ablation effect was smaller than that of the model without the ablation effect. A, Response probabilities in 4th-TAG hemi-cut (N = 10, yellow bars) and ambi-cut (N = 10, orange bars) conditions. The probability of response to a stimulus from the cut side was decreased in hemi-cut conditions. Crickets in ambi-cut conditions never responded to air-currents from any angle. B, Response probabilities in SOG-PTG hemi-cut (N = 10, magenta bars) and ambi-cut animals. The response probability to a stimulus from the cut side was decreased in hemi-cut conditions, while a few ambi-cut animals responded to stimulation from behind.</p

Stimulus-angle dependencies of locomotory parameters in the initial response.

<p>Each dot represents the results of a trial in an individual animal (N = 10). A, Plot of the walking direction against stimulus angle. The approximated line was expressed as . B, Plot of turn angle against stimulus angle approximated by . C, Plot of walking distance against stimulus angle. D, Plot of response latency against stimulus angle.</p

Neural Basis of Stimulus-Angle-Dependent Motor Control of Wind-Elicited Walking Behavior in the Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

Crickets exhibit oriented walking behavior in response to air-current stimuli. Because crickets move in the opposite direction from the stimulus source, this behavior is considered to represent ‘escape behavior’ from an approaching predator. However, details of the stimulus-angle-dependent control of locomotion during the immediate phase, and the neural basis underlying the directional motor control of this behavior remain unclear. In this study, we used a spherical-treadmill system to measure locomotory parameters including trajectory, turn angle and velocity during the immediate phase of responses to air-puff stimuli applied from various angles. Both walking direction and turn angle were correlated with stimulus angle, but their relationships followed different rules. A shorter stimulus also induced directionally-controlled walking, but reduced the yaw rotation in stimulus-angle-dependent turning. These results suggest that neural control of the turn angle requires different sensory information than that required for oriented walking. Hemi-severance of the ventral nerve cords containing descending axons from the cephalic to the prothoracic ganglion abolished stimulus-angle-dependent control, indicating that this control required descending signals from the brain. Furthermore, we selectively ablated identified ascending giant interneurons (GIs) in vivo to examine their functional roles in wind-elicited walking. Ablation of GI8-1 diminished control of the turn angle and decreased walking distance in the initial response. Meanwhile, GI9-1b ablation had no discernible effect on stimulus-angle-dependent control or walking distance, but delayed the reaction time. These results suggest that the ascending signals conveyed by GI8-1 are required for turn-angle control and maintenance of walking behavior, and that GI9-1b is responsible for rapid initiation of walking. It is possible that individual types of GIs separately supply the sensory signals required to control wind-elicited walking