Policy opportunities to enhance the role of smallholder livestock systems in Limpopo Province of South Africa

Post-apartheid administrations in South Africa were faced with redressing the legacy of multifaceted poverty and social inequalities created by apartheid politics. The entrance of smallholder farmers into the mainstream economy became a government priority and policy aim. Institutional efforts in Limpopo Province provided infrastructure to establish poultry and vegetable producing enterprises. Very few livestock projects were funded. The success rate of institutional interventions was low. We argue that smallholder livestock systems offer policy opportunities to realise post-apartheid reform goals in the smallholder livestock sector. The premises are; there are more livestock in communal smallholder sector than in the commercial sector. This indicates there is a substantial level of natural, human and social capital existing within smallholder livestock systems. Secondly, commercial livestock systems are increasingly converted to game and wildlife enterprises necessitating imports of large numbers of livestock from Namibia to account for the shortfall in red-meat in South Africa. It is possible that the low off-take characterising smallholder livestock and the Cattle Complex Philosophy probably deterred past efforts to recognise the potential of smallholder livestock systems for rural and agricultural development. The Cattle Complex Philosophy claims that African smallholders have an attitudinal resistance to sell livestock. Data from a survey amongst 193 households in ten villages of Sekhukhune District of Limpopo Province illustrates that low livestock sales relates to the dysfunctional composition, sub-optimal reproductive potential and high calf mortality of smallholder herds. Conclusions and policy recommendations are offered.http://reference.sabinet.co.za/sa_epublication/agrihb201

Gender roles in the household and farming systems of Tchenzema, Morogoro - Tanzania

The purpose of the study was to determine gender roles in a matrilineal society in domestic and crop production activities. The role of gender in decision making was also investigated. The study was conducted in Tchenzema ward in the Western Uluguru mountain Morogoro, Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data while secondary data was obtained from the literature. The study findings show that females of all ages did all the domestic work except fuel wood collection which was done by males of all ages. There was no clear cut division of labour between gender in either cash or food crop production. Decision on production and resource allocation were done jointly between spouses while decision on hire of labour was mostly done by men. Gender production relations in the society studied differs from those in patrilineal societies. It was recommended that the extension service and development projects should address both gender equally. Extension meetings should be organised at times and places that would enable women to attend

Gender roles in livestock production : the case of Tchenzema Ward in the western Uluguguru Highlands - Morogoro - Tanzania

The study was designed to determine livestock production relations by gender in a matrilineal society in Tchenzema Morogoro Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a randomly selected sample of 200 households with equal numbers of men and women. Secondary data was obtained from literature. The data was compiled by using the D Base Programme and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Programme. The study results showed that livestock husbandry tasks were shared between males and females of all ages. However males contributed slightly more labour than females in feeding, health care, cleaning shed and marketing. Decisions on task allocation and time for a task as well as livestock purchase, innovation adoption and marketing were jointly made by couples. There was no gender variation in the extension method preferred but both gender preferred demonstrations and extension officers visits over other methods. The least preferred extension method by both gender was institutional training. It is recommended that in order to improve livestock production in the area extension messages should be targeted to both gender using extension officers visits and demonstrations

Small-scale farming and extension in South Africa's Northern Province

Small-scale agriculture in South Africa's Northern Province varies significantly. Farmers have different objectives, they face different environments, and are involved in various farm enterprises. This situation issues challenges to institutions which offer support services to smallholders, particularly the extension service. The paper provides an entry point to discuss extension for small scale farmers in the Northern Province by (1) offering a descriptive analysis of small scale farming system and (2) by trying to quantify the impact of support services on farmer's performance using statistical analyses. The results show that credit and grants seem to contribute to agricultural performance in some areas, while no significant coefficients could be estimated for extension. The latter finding corresponds with a more qualitative assessment of government extension by other authors. However, in the Northern Province new approaches to smallholder extension are currently developed, tested and implemented. With their focus on improving the relevance of extension advice through farmer's participation and staff training, these approaches could contribute to a significant improvement of the impact of extension. Yet, the introduction of an appropriate monitoring and evaluation component to assure impact assessment and the necessary adaptation of the new system is strongly recommended

Policy opportunities to enhance the role of smallholder livestock systems in Limpopo Province of South Africa

Fokus penelitian ini adalah: 1) Bagaimana proses pelaksaan Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam dengan Menggunakan Terapi Shalat Bahagia dalam Menangani Remaja yang Kecanduan Game Online Mobile Legend (Studi Kasus Siswa Kelas X SMA Bina Bangsa Surabaya)? 2) Bagaimana hasil akhir pelaksaan Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam dengan Menggunakan Terapi Shalat Bahagia dalam Menangani Remaja yang Kecanduan Game Online Mobile Legend (Studi Kasus Siswa Kelas X SMA Bina Bangsa Surabaya)? Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi yang disajikan dalam bab penyajian data. Serta menggunakan analisis deskriptif komparatif dalam menganalisa hasil akhir diri pelaksaan terapi Shalat Bahagia untuk menangani studi kasus remaja yang kecanduan game online. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa proses Terapi Shalat Bahagia dalam menangani remaja yang kecanduan game online dilakukan melalui 3 tahapan, yakni 1) terapi sahalat bahagia dengan langkah yaitu Konselor yang diiringi dengan fasilitator terapi shalat bahagia memberikan penjelasan renungan kepada konseli tentang poin-poin terapi shalat bahagia, Shalat Bahagia dilakukan konselor bersama-sama dengan fasilitator, Melihat dan mengamati konselor yang melakukan terapi shalat bahagia secara individu, 2.) memberi home work berupa amalan istighfar dan dzikir terutama setelah shalat atau ketika waktu kosong. Hasil dari penerapan konseling ini yaitu agar konseli sadar akan kesalahn- kesalahannya dan meminta ampunan kepada Allah karena kekhilafannya melalaikan perintah Allah SWT hanya demi bermain game online