3 research outputs found
Association of Serum Adiponectin Level with Dyslipidaemia in North Indian Male Population: A Case-control Study
Introduction: Adiponectin is the most abundant adipocytokines
secreted from adipose tissues and circulates in considerably
high concentration in human plasma. Circulating adiponectin
levels are decreased in obese subjects and this decrease has
been thought to play a crucial role in the early development
of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Changes in
adiponectin concentration has been reported in dyslipidaemic
subjects, but the evidence is controversial and no study has
been conducted in north Indian population. Moreover, low
molecular adiponectin seems to be linked with a worse lipid
profile leading to dyslipidaemic through an association with
triglyceride but the exact role of adiponectin in modulating lipid
fraction is not well established.
Aim: To correlate the level of serum adiponectin with lipid
fractions in dyslipidaemic male subjects and also to compare
them with apparently healthy individuals.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted
from April 2015 to November 2016 in the Biochemistry
Department of Rajshree Medical Research Institute, Bareilly,
Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 70 non diabetic dyslipidaemic
male subjects between the age group 35 years to 55 years were
selected and all the biochemical parameters (adiponectin, fasting
plasma glucose, lipid profile) were evaluated and compared
with 70 apparently healthy controls. Statistical analysis was
performed by licensed version of Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 software. All the data were expressed in
āmeanĀ±SDā. Student ātā test was also applied to see statistical
significance in adiponectin levels between dyslipidaemic
subjects and healthy controls.
Results: The study shows meanĀ±SD of age in dyslipidaemic group
was 43.61Ā±4.85 years and for control group was 43.53Ā±5.53 years.
The meanĀ±SD of BMI in dyslipidaemic group 25.72Ā±2.43 was
significantly higher than control group 23.42Ā±1.56 with p-value
<0.0001. The serum adiponectin concentration was significantly
reduced in dyslipidaemic subjects 5.11Ā±2.04 Ī¼g/mL as compared
to healthy control 6.79Ā±1.37 Ī¼g/mL with p-value <0.0001. Serum
total cholesterol, triglyceride and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-
cholesterol were found to be negatively correlated with serum
adiponectin (r= -0.89, -0.76 and -0.74) and positively correlated
with High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (r=0.70).
Conclusion: The present study revealed that hypoadiponectinemia
is associated with dyslipidaemic in men. The main observation of
our present study, however, is that in dyslipidaemic subjects, lower
levels of adiponectin were associated with high total cholesterol,
triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and reduced HDL cholesterol, though
more extensive, multicentric, prospective research with increase
sample size could obtain wider insights
A New Cell Secreting Insulin
The pancreatic ļæ½-cell is the only cell in animals that expresses
the insulin gene and secretes insulin protein. We have found
copious release of immunoreactive and bioactive insulin into
the medium from the primary culture of carp adipocytes. Glucose
augmented this release to more than 2-fold, and glucose
transporter, Glut2, was detected in these cells. These all reflect
characteristics of a pancreatic ļæ½-cell. The expression of
the adipocyte-specific flotillin gene, the presence of peroxisomal
proliferator-activated receptor ļæ½ and Glut4, and the
colocalization of insulin and leptin confirmed the identity of
these cells as adipocytes. Purified carp adipocyte insulin (AdpInsl)
comigrated with porcine and bovine insulin in SDSPAGE,
indicating the similarity of their molecular sizes (5.5
kDa). AdpInsl strongly reduced hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-
induced diabetic rats. It also stimulated significantly
higher glucose uptake in carp and hamster adipocytes than
porcine insulin. Adipocyte RNA hybridized with rat and zebrafish
insulin cDNA showing the expression of the insulin gene in this cell. Using oligonucleotide primers designed on
the basis of conserved insulin domain, AdpInsl cDNA was reverse
transcribed, cloned, and sequenced. The deduced amino
acid sequence of AdpInsl A and B chain exhibited 98% homology
with zebrafish and more than 70% homology with human,
porcine, and murine insulin. To understand the structurefunction
relationship between AdpInsl and mammalian ļæ½-cell
insulin, we have analyzed the amino acid sequences and
three-dimensional structure of AdpInsl. In the critical determinant
segment for receptor binding, AdpInsl has His at the
A8 position instead of Thr in human and porcine insulin, and
this attributed greater biological activity to AdpInsl. Our results
show that carp adipocyte is a unique cell. As an insulin
target cell it can express the insulin gene and secrete highly
active insulin protein; thus, it may serve as a natural alternative
to pancreatic ļæ½-cell insulin. (Endocrinology 144:
1585ā1593, 200
Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Gene Expression and Insulin Signaling by Fatty Acid: Interplay of PKC Isoforms Therein
Fatty acids are known to play a key role in promoting
the loss of insulin sensitivity causing insulin resistance
and type 2 diabetes. However, underlying mechanism
involved here is still unclear. Incubation of rat skeletal
muscle cells with palmitate followed by I125- insulin
binding to the plasma membrane receptor preparation
demonstrated a two-fold decrease in receptor
occupation. In searching the cause for this reduction,
we found that palmitate inhibition of insulin receptor
(IR) gene expression effecting reduced amount of IR
protein in skeletal muscle cells. This was followed by
the inhibition of insulin-stimulated IRĪ² tyrosine
phosphorylation that consequently resulted inhibition
of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS 1) and IRS 1
associated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3 Kinase),
phosphoinositide dependent kinase-1 (PDK 1)
phosphorylation. PDK 1 dependent phosphorylation
of PKCĪ¶ and Akt/PKB were also inhibited by palmitate.
Surprisingly, although PKCĪµ phosphorylation is PDK1 dependent, palmitate effected its constitutive
phosphorylation independent of PDK1. Time kinetics
study showed translocation of palmitate induced
phosphorylated PKCĪµ from cell membrane to nuclear
region and its possible association with the inhibition
of IR gene transcription. Our study suggests one of
the pathways through which fatty acid can induce
insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cell