Curing behaviour of unsaturated polyester resin and interfacial shear stress of sugar palm fibre

Studies on the effect of cobalt of unsaturated polyester resin and the effect of treated sugar palm fibre with sodium hydroxide on single fibre strength and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) are presented in this paper. 1% of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide was used as the initiator, while cobalt of variable percentages (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4 %,0.6%, 0.8% and 1%)was used as the hardener. The effects on glass transition and exothermic reaction of unsaturated polyester were studied for post curing temperature determination using differential scanning calorimetry by heating the samples at 10ºC/min heating rate from 30ºC to 120ºC with flowing of purge nitrogen gas atmosphere . For the single fibre test and IFSS, the treatment was carried out using sodium hydroxide solution with 1% concentration for one hour soaking time. Based on the optimisation percentage of cobalt, it was found that the higher the percentage of cobalt, the faster the sample tested to gel and cured. Treated sugar palm fibre exhibited better single fibre strength and IFSS between the matrices compared to untreated fibre due to the effectiveness of the alkali treatment. This can be attributed to the rearrangement of fibrils along the direction of tensile force and the removal of the coating layer and impurities after the alkaline treatment

Effect of fibre length and sea water treatment on mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

This study presented the effect of different fibre length and seawater treatment on mechanical properties of the fabricated composites. The composite was reinforced with fixed 30wt.% of fibre loading. Sugar palm was treated using sea water for 30 days and have been cut into three different lengths by 5cm, 10cm and 15cm. The mechanical properties of the untreated and treated fibre with different fibre length composites were characterised includes tensile test and flexural test. Treated sugar palm fibre composites with 15cm fibre length exhibited higher tensile strength at 18.33 MPa. However, it shows the lowest value for the tensile modulus at 4251.96MPa. The flexural strength shows an increasing trend as the fibre length increased up to 15cm and the maximum flexural strength was exhibited by treated sugar palm fibre with 5 cm at 80.80MPa

Effect of fiber content and their hybridization on bending and torsional strength of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with carbon and sugar palm fibers

This study aims to investigate the effect of fiber hybridization of sugar palm yarn fiber with carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. In this work, sugar palm yarn composites were reinforced with epoxy at varying fiber loads of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % using the hand lay-up process. The hybrid composites were fabricated from two types of fabric: sugar palm yarn of 250 tex and carbon fiber as the reinforcements, and epoxy resin as the matrix. The ratios of 85: 15 and 80: 20 were selected for the ratio between the matrix and reinforcement in the hybrid composite. The ratios of 50: 50 and 60: 40 were selected for the ratio between sugar palm yarn and carbon fiber. The mechanical properties of the composites were characterized according to the flexural test (ASTM D790) and torsion test (ASTM D5279). It was found that the increasing flexural and torsion properties of the non-hybrid composite at fiber loading of 15 wt % were 7.40% and 75.61%, respectively, compared to other fiber loading composites. For hybrid composites, the experimental results reveal that the highest flexural and torsion properties were achieved at the ratio of 85/15 reinforcement and 60/40 for the fiber ratio of hybrid sugar palm yarn/carbon fiber-reinforced composites. The results from this study suggest that the hybrid composite has a better performance regarding both flexural and torsion properties. The different ratio between matrix and reinforcement has a significant effect on the performance of sugar palm composites. It can be concluded that this type of composite can be utilized for beam, construction applications, and automotive components that demand high flexural strength and high torsional forces

Effect of hydrolysis time on the morphological, physical, chemical, and thermal behavior of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr)

Sugar palm nanocrystalline celluloses (SPNCCs) were isolated from sugar palm fiber (SPF). In this study, acid hydrolysis (60 wt. %) at different reaction times (30, 45, and 60 min) was carried out to investigate the optimum yield of NCC. The physical properties, degree of polymerization, chemical composition, structural analysis, crystallinity, surface area and charge, zeta potential, thermal analysis, and morphological characterization were also conducted to determine the outcome (efficiency) of the process. The results showed that a needle-like shape was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. TEM analysis showed optimum aspect ratios of 13.46, 14.44, and 13.13 for isolated SPNCC-I, SPNCC-II, and SPNCC-III, respectively. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the degradation temperature of NCC decreased slightly from 335.15? to 278.50? as the reaction time increased. A shorter hydrolysis time tended to produce SPNCC with higher thermal stability, as proven in thermal analysis by TGA. The optimal isolation time was found to be around 45 min at 1200 rpm during hydrolysis at 45? with 60% sulfuric acid. Therefore, the extracted SPNCC from SPF has huge potential to be utilized in the bionanocomposite field for the production of biopackaging, biomedical products, etc

Wpływ zawartości włókien i obróbki alkalicznej na właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów z nienasyconej żywicy poliestrowej wzmacnianych włóknem szklanym i włóknem palmy cukrowej

In this paper, hybrid sugar palm yarn and glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were investigated in relation to the effects of fiber loadings and alkaline treatment on the composite mechanical properties, such as tensile, flexural, impact and compression strength. The composites were fabricated at a weight ratio of matrix to reinforcement of 70 : 30 and 60 : 40, respectively, while the ratio of sugar palm yarn fiber to glass fiber was selected at 70 : 30, 60 : 40 and 50 : 50, respectively. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites were increased with an increase of glass fiber loading for both 30 wt % and 40 wt % reinforcement content. The alkaline treatment of the sugar palm fibers have advantageous effect on the hybrid composite performance. The overall results indicated that the developed hybrid composites can be used as an alternative material for glass fiber reinforced polymer composites for various structural applications.Zbadano wpływ zawartości włókien i ich obróbki alkalicznej na właściwości mechaniczne wzmacnianych włóknem szklanym kompozytów nienasyconej żywicy poliestrowej z włóknami palmy cukrowej. Oceniano wytrzymałość kompozytów na rozciąganie, zginanie, uderzenie i ściskanie. Wytworzone kompozyty zawierały 30 oraz 40% mas. włókien, przy stosunku masowym włókien palmy cukrowej do włókien szklanych 70/30, 60/40 i 50/50. Stwierdzono, że wytrzymałość mechaniczna kompozytów hybrydowych zwiększa się ze wzrostem zawartości włókna szklanego, a obróbka alkaliczna włókien palmy cukrowej wywiera korzystny wpływ na właściwości zawierających ją kompozytów hybrydowych. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że opracowane kompozyty hybrydowe mogą być stosowane jako materiał alternatywny dla kompozytów polimerowych wzmacnianych jedynie włóknem szklanym

Wpływ zawartości i hybrydyzacji włókien na wytrzymałość na zginanie oraz skręcanie hybrydowych kompozytów epoksydowych wzmocnionych włóknami węglowymi i włóknami palmy cukrowej

This study aims to investigate the effect of fiber hybridization of sugar palm yarn fiber with carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. In this work, sugar palm yarn composites were reinforced with epoxy at varying fiber loads of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % using the hand lay-up process. The hybrid composites were fabricated from two types of fabric: sugar palm yarn of 250 tex and carbon fiber as the reinforcements, and epoxy resin as the matrix. The ratios of 85 : 15 and 80 : 20 were selected for the ratio between the matrix and reinforcement in the hybrid composite. The ratios of 50 : 50 and 60 : 40 were selected for the ratio between sugar palm yarn and carbon fiber. The mechanical properties of the composites were characterized according to the flexural test (ASTM D790) and torsion test (ASTM D5279). It was found that the increasing flexural and torsion properties of the non-hybrid composite at fiber loading of 15 wt % were 7.40% and 75.61%, respectively, compared to other fiber loading composites. For hybrid composites, the experimental results reveal that the highest flexural and torsion properties were achieved at the ratio of 85/15 reinforcement and 60/40 for the fiber ratio of hybrid sugar palm yarn/carbon fiber-reinforced composites. The results from this study suggest that the hybrid composite has a better performance regarding both flexural and torsion properties. The different ratio between matrix and reinforcement has a significant effect on the performance of sugar palm composites. It can be concluded that this type of composite can be utilized for beam, construction applications, and automotive components that demand high flexural strength and high torsional forces.Zbadano wpływ dodatku przędzy z włókien palmy cukrowej o grubości 250 tex na wytrzymałość kompozytów epoksydowych wzmocnionych włóknem węglowym. Sumaryczna zawartość włókien w osnowie żywicy epoksydowej była równa 5, 10, 15 i 20% mas., a stosunek udziału przędzy palmy cukrowej do włókna węglowego wynosił 50 : 50 i 60 : 40. Właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów hybrydowych o stosunku osnowy do wzmocnienia 85 : 15 i 80 : 20 scharakteryzowano na podstawie testów na zginanie i skręcanie. Stwierdzono, że wytrzymałość na zginanie i skręcanie kompozytu epoksydowego z udziałem 15% mas. przędzy palmy cukrowej była większa niż pozostałych kompozytów niehybrydowych i wynosiła, odpowiednio, 7,40% i 75,61%. W wypadku kompozytów hybrydowych stwierdzono, że najlepszą wytrzymałość na zginanie i skręcanie wykazywały kompozyty z udziałem 15% mas. wzmocnienia w stosunku 60 : 40 włókien palmy cukrowej do włókien węglowych. Różna zawartość włókien wzmacniających w osnowie epoksydowej miała istotny wpływ na właściwości wytwarzanych kompozytów. Kompozyty tego rodzaju można wykorzystać do budowy elementów konstrukcyjnych i motoryzacyjnych, o dużej wytrzymałości na zginanie i działanie sił skręcających

Wpływ orientacji włókien palmy cukrowej i ich zawartości na właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne kompozytów na bazie nienasyconej żywicy poliestrowej

Sugar palm [Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr] fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites with 0°, 45°, and 90° fiber different orientations were prepared and tested. The composites were characterized for tensile, flexural, impact and compression properties using ASTM D3039, ASTM D790, ASTM D250, and ASTM D3410 standards, respectively. For the thermal characterization, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was conducted to characterize the on storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E’’) and damping behavior (tan δ) of the composites. The highest mechanical performance of composites was achieved at 0° of fiber orientation composites followed by 45° and 90° fiber orientations. The fiber loading was insignificant for the 90° fiber orientation as the properties were inconsistent. The theoretical value of modulus from the tensile test was calculated using rules of mixture (ROM) and compared with the experimental values for all composites specimens. This research showed that the optimum properties occurred at 30 wt % fiber loading as reflected by the superior tensile and flexural strengths. The optimum properties of compression, impact, storage modulus and better damping properties were achieved at 40 wt % fiber loading.Przygotowano kompozyty na bazie nienasyconej żywicy poliestrowej wzmocnionej różną ilością włókien palmy cukrowej [Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr] o rozmaite jorientacji: 0°, 45° i 90°. Z zastosowaniem norm, odpowiednio, ASTM D3039, ASTM D790, ASTM D250 i ASTM D3410 oznaczono wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i zginanie oraz odporność na uderzenie i ściskanie otrzymanych kompozytów. Właściwości termiczne scharakteryzowano metodą dynamicznej analizy mechanicznej (DMA); wyznaczono moduł zachowawczy (E’), moduł stratności (E”) i tangens kąta stratności (tan δ) kompozytów. Najlepsze właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów uzyskano w wypadku zastosowania włókien o orientacji 0° względem przyłożonej siły, a najgorsze w wypadku ułożenia włókien pod kątem 90°. W odniesieniu do kompozytów wzmocnionych włóknami o orientacji 90° udział włókien miał nieistotny wpływ na oznaczane właściwości, ponieważ wyniki były niespójne. Wartość teoretyczną modułu rozciągania wszystkich próbek kompozytów obliczono z wykorzystaniem reguły mieszania (ROM) i porównano z wartościami uzyskanymi doświadczalnie. Stwierdzono, że doskonałą wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i zginanie wykazywał kompozyt z 30 % mas. udziałem włókien, podczas gdy optymalne: wytrzymałość na ściskanie, udarność, moduł zachowawczy i właściwości tłumiące uzyskano w wypadku udziału 40 % mas. włókien

Effect of sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose concentrations on morphological, mechanical and physical properties of biodegradable films based on agro-waste sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr) starch

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) fibres and starches are considered as agro-industrial residue in the agricultural industry. This paper aims to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0–1.0 wt%) of sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose (SPNFCs) reinforced sugar palm starch (SPS) on morphological, mechanical and physical properties of the bionanocomposites film. The SPNFCs, having a diameter of 5.5 ± 0.99 nm and length of several micrometres, were prepared from sugar palm fibres via a high-pressure homogenisation process. FESEM investigation of casting solution displayed good miscibility between SPS and SPNFCs. The FTIR analysis revealed good compatibility between the SPS and SPNFCs, and there were existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between them. The SPS/sPNFCs with 1.0 wt% had undergone an increment in both the tensile strength and Young’s modulus when compared with the SPS film, from 4.80 MPa to 10.68 MPa and 53.97 MPa to 121.26 MPa, respectively. The enhancement in water barrier resistance was led by reinforcing SPNFCs into the matrix, which resulted in bionanocomposites. The properties of bionanocomposites will be enhanced for short-life applications, such as recyclable container and plastic packaging through the incorporation of SPNFCs within the SPS bionanocomposites

Natural fiber-reinforced polycaprolactone green and hybrid biocomposites for various advanced applications

Recent developments within the topic of biomaterials has taken hold of researchers due to the mounting concern of current environmental pollution as well as scarcity resources. Amongst all compatible biomaterials, polycaprolactone (PCL) is deemed to be a great potential biomaterial, especially to the tissue engineering sector, due to its advantages, including its biocompatibility and low bioactivity exhibition. The commercialization of PCL is deemed as infant technology despite of all its advantages. This contributed to the disadvantages of PCL, including expensive, toxic, and complex. Therefore, the shift towards the utilization of PCL as an alternative biomaterial in the development of biocomposites has been exponentially increased in recent years. PCL-based biocomposites are unique and versatile technology equipped with several importance features. In addition, the understanding on the properties of PCL and its blend is vital as it is influenced by the application of biocomposites. The superior characteristics of PCL-based green and hybrid biocomposites has expanded their applications, such as in the biomedical field, as well as in tissue engineering and medical implants. Thus, this review is aimed to critically discuss the characteristics of PCL-based biocomposites, which cover each mechanical and thermal properties and their importance towards several applications. The emergence of nanomaterials as reinforcement agent in PCL-based biocomposites was also a tackled issue within this review. On the whole, recent developments of PCL as a potential biomaterial in recent applications is reviewed