In vitro study of anti microbial activity of fermented coconut water extracted with different solvents against bacterial leaf blight of rice / Nur Atiqah Amiza Mohd Taufik

Bacteria leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae is among devastating bacterial disease of rice. Control management of the disease using chemical caused a lot of problem including lead to resistant of the microorganism. Alternative solution of to the problem is controlling the disease using biological approach. One of biological control is the beneficial microorganism. Beneficial microorganism can be found everywhere including in coconut water. Addition of essential nutrient from molasses to mature coconut water would help the beneficial microorganisms can produce antimicrobial compound that have ability to control X. oryzae, that causal agent by BLB. Hence, the objective of the study are to screening the potential of antimicrobial activity from fermented mature coconut water extracted with different solvent against X. oryzae in vitro, and to determine the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of fermented mature coconut water against X. oryzae. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone diameter by using well diffusion method. The highest inhibition zone diameter is positive control that is using methanol extract with (2.2 cm). The inhibition started to happened by using methanol extract and followed by aqueous extract (1.5 cm). Negative control of each extract showed no activity of inhibiton zone, and positive control (Streptomycin sulphate) showed the activity of inhibition zone. Methanol extract was chosen for Minimal inhibitory concentration and Minimal bactericidal concentration as this extract perform highest inhibition zone. The minimum inhibitory of fermented mature coconut water extracted with different solvent by using the different concentration were determined by using serial broth dilution method. The result MIC showed of the 10% of concentration can against the X. oryzae. While the result MBC showed the 20% of concentration can inhibit kill the pathogens

Genome-wide analysis of the CAD gene family reveals two bona fide CAD genes in oil palm

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is the key enzyme for lignin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, genome-wide analysis was performed to identify CAD genes in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted to select the bona fide EgCADs. The bona fide EgCAD genes and their respective 5′ flanking regions were cloned and analysed. Their expression profiles were evaluated in various organs using RT-PCR. Seven EgCAD genes (EgCAD1-7) were identified and divided into four phylogenetic groups. EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 display high sequence similarities with other bona fide CADs and possess all the signature motifs of the bona fide CAD. They also display similar 3D protein structures. Gene expression analysis showed that EgCAD1 was expressed most abundantly in the root tissues, while EgCAD2 was expressed constitutively in all the tissues studied. EgCAD1 possesses only one transcription start site, while EgCAD2 has five. Interestingly, a TC microsatellite was found in the 5′ flanking region of EgCAD2. The 5′ flanking regions of EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 contain lignin-associated regulatory elements i.e. AC-elements, and other defence-related motifs, including W-box, GT-1 motif and CGTCA-motif. Altogether, these results imply that EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 are bona fide CAD involved in lignin biosynthesis during the normal development of oil palm and in response to stresses. Our findings shed some light on the roles of the bona fide CAD genes in oil palm and pave the way for manipulating lignin content in oil palm through a genetic approach