The quantification of urban litter load at gross pollutant trap along Sungai Batu, Selangor

The massive amount of urban litter in Malaysia is influenced by rapid population growth, development, economic growth and unsustainable lifestyles. Few studies have assessed the amount of urban litter load and its composition at gross pollutant trap (GPT), significantly contributing to lack of historical data. This study is aimed to assess the amount of urban litter load in wet basis condition at individual GPTs along Sungai Batu, Selangor in 2015. The urban litter collection data at each GPT in 2015 were sourced from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Samples were manually collected once a month, stored in plastic bag and immediately weighed and recorded by following the ASCE standard method. The result shows that the total amount of urban litter load in 2015 was 3761.72 kg/year (Mean ± SD; 313.4767 ± 141.9105 kg/year). In such situations, further study on urban litter load and its composition trapped at GPTs is urgently required as it is crucial to establish baseline data information during the decision making process, holistically improving stormwater management and urban litter management in Malaysia

Immunohistological localisation of Coxiella burnetii in various organs of naturally Q-fever infected goats

The rather uncommonly reported Q-fever disease in Malaysia is currently demonstrating an increasing trend of outbreaks. A total of 197 goat carcasses during the period of July 2007 to December 2009 were submitted to Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (MVK), Bukit Tengah, Penang, for post-mortem examination. Morphological diagnosis of necrotic placentitis, interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis and nephritis were observed in majority of the cases. Likewise, Giemsa stained sections of selected tissues revealed C.burnetii trophoblast. Acute cases yielded lesions conforming to doughnut granuloma, while those of the chronic form exhibited chronic inflammation. In an attempt to further confirm the presence of the organism, these selected tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical confirmation. Out of the total suspected cases, 152 (77.2%) were confirmed as positive of Q-fever based on their IHC. Thus, this study demonstrated pertinent lesions of acute and chronic forms of Q-fever which might be beneficial to laboratories without IHC facilities

Application of Frequency Analysis on Peak River Discharge toward the Cumulative Floatable Litter Load at Log Boom Sungai Batu

The accumulation of floatable litter in the river is mainly influenced by the increasing number of human population, rapid urbanization and development which indirectly lead to the changes of hydrological processes in river discharge, decreasing the water quality and aesthetical value of the river. The main objective of this paper is to determine the cumulative floatable litter load captured at the log boom during the extreme events by using the Gumbel distribution method for frequency analysis in river discharge of Sungai Batu. The annual maximum river discharge for a period of 35 years (1982 to 2016) was used in Gumbel distribution method to obtain the discharge for different return period (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200). The result shows that the estimated discharge (103.17 m³/s) can estimate the cumulative floatable litter load (53267.27 kg/day) at 50 years return period. The R2 value obtained from non – linear regression analysis is 0.9986 indicate that Gumbel distribution is suitable to predict the expected discharge of the river. This study is very crucial for the related agencies in highlighting this environmental issues for their future references which can be used as a guidelines during the decision making process in making better improvement

Application of Frequency Analysis on Peak River Discharge toward the Cumulative Floatable Litter Load at Log Boom Sungai Batu

The accumulation of floatable litter in the river is mainly influenced by the increasing number of human population, rapid urbanization and development which indirectly lead to the changes of hydrological processes in river discharge, decreasing the water quality and aesthetical value of the river. The main objective of this paper is to determine the cumulative floatable litter load captured at the log boom during the extreme events by using the Gumbel distribution method for frequency analysis in river discharge of Sungai Batu. The annual maximum river discharge for a period of 35 years (1982 to 2016) was used in Gumbel distribution method to obtain the discharge for different return period (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200). The result shows that the estimated discharge (103.17 m³/s) can estimate the cumulative floatable litter load (53267.27 kg/day) at 50 years return period. The R2 value obtained from non – linear regression analysis is 0.9986 indicate that Gumbel distribution is suitable to predict the expected discharge of the river. This study is very crucial for the related agencies in highlighting this environmental issues for their future references which can be used as a guidelines during the decision making process in making better improvement

Application of frequency analysis on peak river discharge toward the cumulative floatable litter load at log boom Sungai Batu

The accumulation of floatable litter in the river is mainly influenced by the increasing number of human population, rapid urbanization and development which indirectly lead to the changes of hydrological processes in river discharge, decreasing the water quality and aesthetical value of the river. The main objective of this paper is to determine the cumulative floatable litter load captured at the log boom during the extreme events by using the Gumbel distribution method for frequency analysis in river discharge of Sungai Batu. The annual maximum river discharge for a period of 35 years (1982 to 2016) was used in Gumbel distribution method to obtain the discharge for different return period (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200). The result shows that the estimated discharge (103.17 m³/s) can estimate the cumulative floatable litter load (53267.27 kg/day) at 50 years return period. The R 2 value obtained from non – linear regression analysis is 0.9986 indicate that Gumbel distribution is suitable to predict the expected discharge of the river. This study is very crucial for the related agencies in highlighting this environmental issues for their future references which can be used as a guidelines during the decision making process in making better improvement

Clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical detection of antigens in acute experimental Streptococcus agalactiae infection in red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)

This study investigates the clinicopathological features of acute experimental streptococcosis in red tilapia using various routes of infection; intraperitoneal (IP), immersion (IM) and immersion cut (IC). Twenty four red tilapia in duplicates were inoculated intraperitoneally with 109 CFU/ml of S. agalactiae while another sets: intact, one with sharp cut at the tail end were exposed to bacterial inoculums 109 CFU/ml diluted in water while two groups of control fish were similarly manipulated. Clinical signs were recorded; samples from the gills, brain, eyes and kidneys were also taken for bacterial isolation and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed to detect the antigen. The diseased fish showed skin, fin haemorrhages and exophthalmia with obvious signs in IP at 2 hpc followed by IC and IM at 4 hpc. The lesions were noticed earlier in the kidney and most severe in IP. IHC detected antigen as early as PCR and isolation with intense staining in blood vessel lumen and wall, macrophages in choroid, focal haemorrhage in the renal interstitium and meninges especially in IP followed by IC and IM. The immunolocalisation of the antigen described for the first time further explain the pathogenesis of streptococcosis in red tilapia