Terminal branching of internal laryngeal nerve: a cadaveric study

Background: Innervation of larynx is much more complicated than previously been thought. Laryngopharynx is the common gateway for many specialists like oral surgeons, ENT surgeons, anaesthetists, UGI endoscopists and bronchoscopists. The sub-mucosal neural network can be anaesthetised by topical application or injection of local anaesthetics. In this study destination of the internal laryngeal nerve and its penetration into the intrinsic muscles of larynx are analysed.Methods: A total of 40 en bloc cadaveric specimens were investigated in the department of anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai and from Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kanchipuram. Conventional anatomy dissection method was used in the identification of internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and its branches.Results: Irrespective of the number of divisions at the point of entry into thyrohyoid membrane, 4 branches were constantly traceable. The branches were traced by 2 approaches- (A) those supplying the mucus membrane- (i) to the junction of aryepiglottic fold and lateral border of epiglottis; (ii) to the posterior surface of interarytenoideus; (iii) to the posterior surface of posterior arytenoideus; and (iv) descending to apex of the pyriform fossa behind cricothyroid junction; (B) penetration into intrinsic muscles- (i) a branch terminated after entering interaryteoideus; and (ii) another terminated after entering the posterior cricoarytenoideus muscle.Conclusions: The knowledge of variation into branches and area of supply of internal laryngeal nerve is essential for anatomists and clinicians. It is not a nerve to be neglected as the knowledge of its branches is very much essential for the surgeons operating in this area of air and food passage

Knowledge, Prevalence and Risk Factors of Violating Traffic Rules Among Adult Population - A Survey

Road traffic injuries are one of the most important leading causes of death and disability in many of the developed and developing countries. Road accidents are major public health problems faced by the society. The crash can be defined as an incident or collision which may or may not lead to injury, occurring on a public road and involving at least one moving vehicle. In a developing country like India with a dense population there is a need to check the awareness level among the public about traffic signals and rules among the adult population, this survey was carried out. To check the awareness level among the adolescents population a questionnaire containing 10 questions was prepared. This survey was carried between the month of June 2019 to March 2020 among the adult population living in Chennai. This survey was conducted in an online platform where the participants responded to their answers. Finally the results were analysed and tabulated. Around 85% had knowledge and awareness of violating traffic signals and rules and suggested the need for having awareness camps to be organised by NGOs/Traffic Police/Government to create awareness among the public to obey traffic rules and 15% had no idea. The survey participants had moderate knowledge about road traffic regulations and most of them mentioned that prime speed, drivers lack of awareness about traffic regulation and laws, and drivers non-compliance with traffic rules and regulation were the foremost important explanation for road traffic accident

Idiopathic multilocular thymic cyst-an incidental anterior mediastinal mass

Acquired thymic cyst are multilocular and they occur de novo or in association with mediastinal neoplasm, systemic autoimmune diseases and trauma. Here, we report a case of acquired multilocular thymic cyst due to non-specific inflammatory etiology in a 42-year old gentleman and our approach to diagnosis and management of anterior mediastinal mass. With no specific clinical symptom, he was diagnosed with anterior mediastinal mass incidentally by imaging studies. Definitive diagnosis of multilocular thymic cyst was obtained by tissue diagnosis of the anterior mediastinal mass resected during the surgery

Proteasome activity contributes to prosurvival response upon mild mitochondrial stress in Caenorhabditis elegans

Defects in mitochondrial function activate compensatory responses in the cell. Mitochondrial stress that is caused by unfolded proteins inside the organelle induces a transcriptional response (termed the “mitochondrial unfolded protein response” [UPRmt]) that is mediated by activating transcription factor associated with stress 1 (ATFS-1). The UPRmt increases mitochondrial protein quality control. Mitochondrial dysfunction frequently causes defects in the import of proteins, resulting in the accumulation of mitochondrial proteins outside the organelle. In yeast, cells respond to mistargeted mitochondrial proteins by increasing activity of the proteasome in the cytosol (termed the “unfolded protein response activated by mistargeting of proteins” [UPRam]). The presence and relevance of this response in higher eukaryotes is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that defects in mitochondrial protein import in Caenorhabditis elegans lead to proteasome activation and life span extension. Both proteasome activation and life span prolongation partially depend on ATFS-1, despite its lack of influence on proteasomal gene transcription. Importantly, life span prolongation depends on the fully assembled proteasome. Our data provide a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and proteasomal activity and demonstrate its direct relevance to mechanisms that promote longevity

Inhibition of proteasome rescues a pathogenic variant of respiratory chain assembly factor COA7.

Nuclear and mitochondrial genome mutations lead to various mitochondrial diseases, many of which affect the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The proteome of the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria consists of several important assembly factors that participate in the biogenesis of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. The present study comprehensively analyzed a recently identified IMS protein cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 7 (COA7), or RESpiratory chain Assembly 1 (RESA1) factor that is associated with a rare form of mitochondrial leukoencephalopathy and complex IV deficiency. We found that COA7 requires the mitochondrial IMS import and assembly (MIA) pathway for efficient accumulation in the IMS We also found that pathogenic mutant versions of COA7 are imported slower than the wild-type protein, and mislocalized proteins are degraded in the cytosol by the proteasome. Interestingly, proteasome inhibition rescued both the mitochondrial localization of COA7 and complex IV activity in patient-derived fibroblasts. We propose proteasome inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach for a broad range of mitochondrial pathologies associated with the decreased levels of mitochondrial proteins.Narodowe Centrum Nauki (NCN) NCN 2012/05/B/NZ3/00781NCN 2015/19/B/NZ3/03272 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) SFB1190 (P13) Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej (FNP) TEAM TECH CORE FACILITY/2016‐2/2MAB/2017/2COP/01/2016 Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (MNiSW) Ideas Plus programme 000263 RCUK|Medical Research Council (MRC) MC_UU_00015/5 EC|FP7|FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7 Ideas) FP7‐322424339580 Institut de France Telethon Italy GTB1200

Development and Validation of Real-Time PCR for Rapid Detection of <i>Mecistocirrus digitatus</i>

<div><p></p><p>Hematophagous activity of <i>Mecistocirrus digitatus</i>, which causes substantial blood and weight loss in large ruminants, is an emerging challenge due to the economic loss it brings to the livestock industry. Infected animals are treated with anthelmintic drugs, based on the identification of helminth species and the severity of infection; however, traditional methods such as microscopic identification and the counting of eggs for diagnosis and determination of level of infection are laborious, cumbersome and unreliable. To facilitate the detection of this parasite, a SYBR green-based real-time PCR was standardized and validated for the detection of <i>M. digitatus</i> infection in cattle and buffaloes. Oligonucleotides were designed to amplify partial Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)-1 sequence of <i>M. digitatus.</i> The specificity of the primers was confirmed by non-amplification of DNA extracted from other commonly occurring gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. Plasmids were ligated with partial ITS-1 sequence of <i>M. digitatus</i>, serially diluted (hundred fold) and used as standards in the real-time PCR assay. The quantification cycle (Cq) values were plotted against the standard DNA concentration to produce a standard curve. The assay was sensitive enough to detect one plasmid containing the <i>M. digitatus</i> DNA. Clinical application of this assay was validated by testing the DNA extracted from the faeces of naturally infected cattle (n = 40) and buffaloes (n = 25). The results were compared with our standard curve to calculate the quantity of <i>M. digitatus</i> in each faecal sample. The Cq value of the assay depicted a strong linear relationship with faecal DNA content, with a regression coefficient of 0.984 and efficiency of 99%. This assay has noteworthy advantages over the conventional methods of diagnosis because it is more specific, sensitive and reliable.</p></div

Fluorescence profile for standards and clinical samples used in real-time PCR assay.

<p>Fluorescence profile for standards and clinical samples used in real-time PCR assay.</p

Species-specific PCR for detection of <i>M.</i><i>digitatus</i>.

<p>Lane 1∶100–1000 bp DNA ladder, Fermentas Lane 2: <i>Mecistocirrus digitatus</i> DNA (182 bp) Lane 3: <i>Haemonchus contortus</i> DNA Lane 4: <i>Trichostrongylus spp.</i> DNA Lane 5: <i>Ostertagia ostertagi</i> DNA Lane 6: <i>Oesophagostomum radiatum</i> DNA Lane 7: <i>Cooperia spp</i>. DNA Lane 8: <i>Nematodirus spp.</i> DNA Lane 9: <i>Trichuris spp</i>. DNA Lane 10: <i>Bunostomum spp.</i> DNA Lane 11: No Template Control.</p

Sensitivity PCR to detect quantity of <i>M.</i><i>digitatus</i> DNA.

<p>Lane 1&7∶100–1000 bp DNA ladder, Fermentas Lane 2–11: Serial 10 fold dilution of plasmid DNA (1.5×10⁸ to 1.5×10⁰ molecules/µl) Lane 12: No Template Control.</p