A Modified Architecture of Multiplier and Accumulator Using Spurious Power Suppression Technique

High speed and low power Multiplier and Accumulator (MAC) unit is at most requirement of today’s VLSI systems and digital signal processing (DSP) applications like FFT, Finite Impulse response filters, convolution etc. In this modified architecture, Radix-4 Modified Booth Encoding (MBE) is used to produce the partial products. In this multiplication and accumulation has been combined using a hybrid type of Carry Save Adder (CSA). So the performance will be improved. A Carry Look ahead Adder is inserted in the CSA tree to reduce the number of bits in the final adder. In booth multiplication, when two numbers are multiplied some portion of the data may be zero. By neglecting those data, power has been reduced. For this purpose Spurious Power Suppression Technique (SPST) is used to remove useless portion of the data in addition process. In this modified architecture, the overall process is three stages to produce the result. The modified MAC operation is coded with Verilog and simulated using Xilinx 12.1

Foetal and neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: GDM has gained global importance because of its rising prevalence. Increasing prevalence of GDM especially among youngsters has been associated with increased complications associated with it.Methods: A case control study conducted from October 2010 to August 2012. 100 ladies diagnosed with gestational diabetes and 100 ladies without gestational diabetes representing the general population were selected and followed till delivery. Foetal and neonatal complications in them were studied.Results: Occurrence of macrosomia was 1% more in GDM group compared to control group. There was no still birth or respiratory distress syndrome in either group. Congenital anomaly was same 1% in either group. Preterm labour was 9% in GDM group compared to 4% in control group. Operative vaginal delivery (forceps and vacuum) was 6% in both groups. Rate of caesarean delivery was 28% in GDM group compared to 19% in control group.Conclusions: The rate of adverse outcomes has seen lot of changes, which was high in earlier days. With increasing prevalence of GDM there is a threat for these complications to again increase. With good monitoring and treatment the adverse outcomes of GDM are not more than that of general population

Study on pattern of gynaecological malignancies at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: The burden of malignancy and deaths due to it are rising worldwide. In women gynaecological malignancies are among the most common cancers. This study was undertaken to study the pattern and relative frequencies of gynaecological malignancies among women admitted in the Department of Gynaecology, at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu.Methods: This is a retrospective observational study done at the department of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital over a period of two years from September 2015 to September 2017. Case records of women admitted in the Department of Gynaecology and diagnosed to have gynaecological malignancy were retrieved from the department of medical records. Information regarding demographic details, site of malignancy, histopathology of malignancy was analysed and expressed as percentages.Results: During the study period 49 cases of gynaecological malignancies were reported. Out of 49 cases, 36 cases were cancer cervix, followed by 7 cases of ovarian malignancy and 6 cases of cancer of uterine corpus. The mean ages of cancer cervix, ovary and corpus uteri were 51.1, 53.3 and 47.2 years respectively. All women were multiparous in the study. One third of women were premenopausal. Women with cancer cervix and corpus uteri commonly presented with irregular bleeding, post-menopausal bleeding and white discharge per vaginum. Ovarian cancers presented commonly with abdominal pain and distension. Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix was the commonest histopathology seen. Adenocarcinoma and epithelial cancer was the commonest histopathology seen in endometrial and ovarian cancer respectively.Conclusions: Cancer cervix was the commonest gynaecological malignancy in the study population followed by ovarian and uterine malignancies

The Comparative Evaluation of the Degree of Conversion, Marginal Adaptation and Surface Hardness of Four Different Composite Resins Before and After Preheating: An In Vitro study

BACKGROUND: Resin composites as direct posterior restorative material was associated with the polymerization contraction and microleakage. Different methods have been introduced to overcome these drawbacks by increasing the degree of monomer conversion and to minimize the polymerization shrinkage. Composite preheating is an innovative method to improve the handling and physical properties. So this study was done to evaluate the effect of prepolymerization warming of different composites on the degree of conversion and the marginal adaptation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preheating of composites was done with the heating device and categorized accordingly as Group 1 - Delta composite warmer (preheating at 61˚C) and Group 2 – Room temperature composites ( no preheating). Four resin composites were taken as Group 1A & 2 A – Bulk fill nanohybrid, Group 1B & 2B – Nanofill, Group 1C & 2C – Ormocer based composite and Group 1D & 2D – Microhybrid composites to assess the mechanical properties before and after heating of the composites. For evaluation of surface hardness and degree of conversion, split mold of length 5 mm × width 5 mm × height 3 mm was taken. 160 composite blocks were prepared based on four composite resins for both preheated and control groups (n = 80). For preheating, composites were heated at 61˚C in the composite warmer and then light cured in a split mold. Prepared composite blocks (n= 80) were powdered to analyze the degree of monomer conversion to polymer using FTIR spectroscopy. Surface hardness was determined for 80 composite blocks with vicker microhardness tester . To analyze axial adaptation, class II cavities was prepared in 80 premolars and restored with respective composites. Samples were sectioned and analysed using SEM at 200x magnification and marginal gap width was measured using Image analysis software. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data was entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 Software for Windows. Data were executed in the form of mean and standard deviation and were analyzed with one way analysis of variance and Kruskal – Wallis tests. RESULTS: The results indicated that preheated composite group showed a higher degree of conversion and surface hardness than the room temperature composite group. Statistically significant differences was observed between Bulk fill nanohybrid, Ormocer, Nanofill and Microhybrid composites in terms of degree of conversion and surface hardness (p < 0.05). For degree of conversion, the highest mean percentage value was observed with Ormocer (74.35%) and the lowest mean percentage value was observed with bulk fill nanohybrid (44.44%). For surface hardness, the highest mean hardness value was observed with nanofill (110.58 VHN) and the lowest mean hardness value was with microhybrid (58.32 VHN). For internal marginal adaptation, no statistically significant results were found. But the frequency of gap formation was comparatively higher in preheated group with increased MQ4 scores. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present study, it could be concluded that, 1. Preheated group showed higher degree of conversion and surface hardness values with ormocer and nanofill ranked with the highest mean values respectively. 2. Preheated group showed poor internal marginal adaptation with increased frequency of gap formation

PROBIOTIC Rhodotorula mucilaginosa ISOLATED FROM FERMENTED FOOD: INVESTIGATION OF PUFA PRODUCTION AND STRATEGY FOR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a vital component for human health. PUFA cannot be synthesized by human system and hence dependance on other sources has become inevitable. Though porcine liver and fish oil were the dependable sources for ages past, yet cheaper microbial source was sought after and have gained importance as well. Such microbial oils normally used as biofuels can also be used for several therapeutic purposes. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the quality and quantity of lipids produced by a probiotic yeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The lipid production potential of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa has indeed attracted a lot of attention. Isolation and characterization of the probiotic yeast with enhanced lipid production and determining the lipid components have become the aim of the work

Evaluation of DNA damage in the tobacco associated human buccal cells using comet assay

BACKGROUND: The use of tobacco continues to be the leading preventable cause of death in the world. The burden of disease and death that tobacco imposes on the public's health is very extensive. Tobacco is known to have effect on the chemical composition of the cells and the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Among the various techniques, Ostling and Johansson (1984) were the first to quantify the DNA double strand breaks using microgel electrophoresis technique known as single cell gel electrophoresis technique or the Comet assay. AIM & OBJECTIVE: To assess the DNA damage in tobacco associated human buccal cells using comet assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study subjects were recruited from patient attending Vivekanandha Dental College for Women in tiruchengode, following standard clinical diagnostic criteria and under their informed consent. Complete medical history and habit of tobacco usage elicited. Study sample size includes 75 study subjects. Each 25 individuals with no history of tobacco usage, with tobacco usage but without oral lesions, Individuals with tobacco associated oral lesions were included. The cytological smears collected from the individuals were used to assess the DNA damage by measuring the tail length in the comet assay method. RESULTS: The average tail length in the normal mucosa was 1.46μm, tobacco users without oral lesions was 2.86μm, lesional site of the tobacco users was 3.86μm and non-lesional site was 3.67μm. The age, gender and duration and the forms of tobacco had its own impact on the oral mucosa. CONCLUSION: Comet assay helps to assess the subclinical genetic changes of oral mucosa even before the clinical manifestations of the precancerous lesions caused by tobacco usage. Comet assay may bloom out as a novel tool for the prevention of oral cancer in the nearby future

A Study on Molecular Expression of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Carcinoma and Its Correlation with Clinicopathological Findings in a Tertiary Care Hospital

BACKGROUND: Colorectal carcinoma is one of the commonest cancer worldwide. Its development is a multistep process involving wide variety of genetic alterations of which KRAS mutation has pivotal role in increased proliferation of tumor cells and decreased apoptosis. The development of molecular techniques has contributed to better understanding of carcinogenesis. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To evaluate the expression of K-RAS mutation in colorectal carcinoma. 2. To study its correlation with respect to age, histological findings and staging of Carcinoma MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a 2 years prospective and retrospective study conducted in Institute of Pathology, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Hospital, Chennai on patients diagnosed as colorectal carcinoma. Sample size of 30 cases reported in biopsy as colorectal carcinoma was taken and Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Blocks of those cases were subjected to molecular KRAS mutational analysis at Codon12 and codon13 of Exon 2 by means of Polymerase chain reaction, followed by sanger sequencing. KRAS expression was then correlated with clinicopathological variables. RESULTS: Out of 30 cases, 27 were of conventional adenocarcinoma and 3 were mucinous carcinoma. Male: Female ratio-1. 3:1. Histologically most of tumors were moderately differentiated grade. KRAS mutation was seen in 16.7% (5 cases). All KRAS mutated cases were > 50 years of age. There is no significant correlation between KRAS expression with any of the clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION: KRAS mutations are predictive of resistance to anti-EGFR targeted therapies, necessitating its analysis for treatment

Clinical and Immunohistopathological study of Dermatological Lesions in a Tertiary Care Centre

BACKGROUND: It is essential to make a rapid and accurate diagnosis in order to classify the disease, to plan a proper treatment protocols and also to predict the prognosis for the patients. But in many patients due to heterogeneous symptoms, atypical appearance of lesions, accurate diagnosis in dermatological disorders remain challenging for the dermatologist and physicians. In such circumstance immunofluorescence is a very useful tool to aid an accurate diagnosis. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To analyse clinical picture, histopathological finding with direct immunofluorescence[DIF]. 2. To access the role of direct immunofluorescence in the evaluation of dermatological disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a prospective analytical study in skin biopsies of patients with vesiculobullous disorder, connective tissue, disorder and with vasculitis. This study was conducted over a period of 1.5 years with 100 cases. The biopsies were received from the Department of dermatology, Madras Medical College & Rajiv Gandhi Govt. General Hospital, Chennai. Clinical picture, histopathological findings and direct immunofluorescence findings were analysed in this study and results were taken for the final conclusion. RESULTS: In dermatological disorders combined analysis of clinical picture, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescence yield more accurate results. Direct immunofluorescence [DIF] plays an important role in the diagnosis even when the histopathological results are inconclusive. CONCLUSION: In dermatological disorders combined analysis of clinical picture, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescence yield more accurate results. Direct immunofluorescence [DIF] plays an important role in the diagnosis even when the histopathological results are inconclusive. In every case of clinically suspected immunobullous disorder, DIF must be done for the classification of the condition thereby lead to proper treatment and better outcome

Effectiveness of virtual reality therapy upon anger among alcoholic clients

A Pre Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Therapy upon Anger among Alcoholic Clients at Selected De-Addiction Center, Chennai. Objectives of the Study : 1. To assess the level of anger among alcoholic clients before and after Virtual reality therapy. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy by comparing the level of anger among alcoholic clients before and after virtual reality therapy. 3. To determine the level of satisfaction on virtual reality therapy among alcoholic clients. 4. To find out the association between selected demographic variables and the level of anger among alcoholic clients before and after virtual reality therapy. 5. To find out the association between selected clinical variables and the level of anger among alcoholic clients before and after virtual reality therapy. The conceptual framework of the study was based on Hildegard E Peplau which was modified for the present study. Null hypothesis were formulated. The level of significance selected was P<0.05. The research design used in this study was pre - experimental research design. A one group pre-test, post-test design, which is pre experimental in nature, is adopted for conducting the study. An extensive review of literature and guidance by experts formed the foundation to the development of research tools such as Demographic variables proforma, Clinical variables Proforma, Clinical anger scale and Rating Scale on the level of satisfaction about Virtual reality therapy. The content validity was established by submitting the tools to experts and reliability was obtained through test-retest and split half technique and found to be highly reliable. The main study was conducted after the pilot study. The study was carried out upon 30 alcoholic clients, Serene Life Deaddiction center Madhurvoyal, Chennai. The level of anger was assessed before and after virtual reality therapy using Clinical anger scale in the group of alcoholic clients. Virtual reality therapy was administered every day morning 5 – 7 minutes for the period of one week for each alcoholic client. After one week, the level of anger was assessed by using Clinical anger scale among the alcoholic clients. Then the level of satisfaction on virtual reality therapy was also assessed by using satisfactory rating scale. The data obtained were analyzed using Descriptive and Inferential statistics. Major findings of the study : A Significant percentage of the alcoholic clients were aged upto 30 years (46.66%) with mean age of 32.9 years and had a family history of alcohol abuse/ dependence (33.33%), were involved in business (36.66%) and had no children (43.33%), were graduates (33.33%). • All of the alcoholic clients were from urban background and from nuclear family (100%) and majority of them were Hindus (86.66%) with monthly family income of Rs. 5001- 10,000 (60%). More than half of them were married (56.66%). • Majority of the alcoholic clients started consuming alcohol at the age of 16-25 years (63.33%) with mean age of 22.5 years, had a previous history of alcoholics de-addiction treatment (66.66%) and made an effort to quit alcohol (76.66%) and the form of alcohol used was beer (73.33%), psychosocial problems of alcoholic clients was conflicts in relationship (66.66%). • More than half of them had excited feeling at first intake of alcohol (59%) and the precipitating factor of consuming alcohol was family problem (53.33%). • Half of the alcoholic clients had wish to improve oneself in motivation to seek treatment (50%) and had >5 years duration of alcohol dependence (50%). • A significant percentage of the alcoholic clients consumed the amount of alcohol was more than 720 ml in a day (43.33%) and the form of alcohol used was brandy (23.33%), rum (1.33%) and frequency of alcohol consumption (30%). • A significant percentage of the alcoholic clients had moderate level of anger (36.66%) in pretest. However after administration of Virtual reality therapy more than half of them had mild level of anger (56.66%). • The anger score of alcoholic clients were high in pretest (M = 29.16, SD = 7.8) whereas after virtual reality therapy, it was found to be less (M =17.3, SD=4.50). The difference was statistically proven to be highly significant at P<0.001. Thus the null hypothesis Ho1 was rejected. It can be attributed to the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy on reducing anger. • There was no significant association between the level of anger and the selected demographic and clinical variables among alcoholic clients. Hence, the null hypothesis Ho2 and Ho3 was retained. Lack of association in this study may be due to small sample. • The researcher found that all of the alcoholic clients were highly satisfied (100%) regarding the intervention of virtual reality therapy. These findings indicated that the administration of virtual reality therapy is well accepted by all the alcoholic clients. This study demonstrated that virtual reality therapy will help to reduce the level of anger among alcoholic clients. Recommendations : The study can be conducted on a larger sample to generalize the results. • The study can be conducted in the other settings also like psychiatric hospitals and rehabilitation centers. • Longitudinal study can be conducted for long term effects of virtual reality on anger. • A comparative study can be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and with other psychosocial intervention to reduce the level of anger among alcoholic clients. • The study can be conducted among different groups like adolescents, mentally ill patients, teenagers who abuse other substances, family members of alcoholic clients. • A follow up study can be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the present intervention in reducing the relapse rates of alcoholic clients. • A study can be conducted on quality of life among alcoholic clients