Weir-Baffled Culvert Hydrodynamics Evaluation for Fish Passage Using Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques

Due to a recent increase in environmental awareness regarding fish passage through hydraulic constructions including culverts, an evaluation for the passage of wild brown trout through a weir-baffled prototype-scale culvert was performed under a variety of culvert slopes and discharge conditions. The influence of the sample fish population and the length of the individual fish on passage rates were investigated; the data showed that the brown trout fish passage sample size evaluated in this study (25 per test) was sufficiently large to minimize sample size dependency. Fish behavior while traversing the culvert was observed and reported, including resting/staging zone locations. Turbulent flow through weir baffled-culvert was also simulated numerically using three-dimensional numerical model employing the (k-Є) model, Renormalized Group k-Є model (RNG), and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model. Experimental data measured with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were used to assess the accuracy and the applicability of these turbulence models in predicting the turbulent flow characteristics of the flow through a weir-baffled culvert at different spatial locations inside the culvert for variety of culvert slopes and flow rates. The influence of flow rates and culvert slopes on the forward velocities and reverse velocities was evaluated. It was noted that the influence of the flow rates on the flow velocities depends on the culvert slopes. Turbulent kinetic energy and flow direction effects on flow characteristic were also evaluated. Validation of Manning’s equation and Manning’s roughness coefficient for the tested culvert were reported

Stability Of Thin Liquid Film Under Effect Of Apolar And Electrostatic Forces On A Horizontal Plane

The understanding of stability, dynamics and morphology of supported th (<100nm) liquid films and nanodrops are important in phenomena like flotation, adhesion of fluid particles to surfaces, kinetics and thermodynamics of precursor films in wetting, heterogeneous nucleation, film boiIing/condensation, multilayer adsorption/film pressure, instability of biological films/membranes, and many other areas While the wetting of surface by large drops is relatively well understood, wetting charactenstics of nanodrops and films have not been extensively studied in some applications like trickle bed reactors, thick coating, contact equipment for heat and mass transfer. and the like Factors that would affect the total free excess energy (per unit area) of a thin film on a substrate include the film thickness, as well as the apolar and electrostatic spreading coefficients for the system. The dynamics of the liquid film is formulated using the Navier-Stokes equations augmented by a body forces describing the apolar and electrostatic interactions

Microstructural and surface texture analysis due to machining in Super Austenitic Stainless Steel

Inferior surface quality is a significant problem faced by machinist. The purpose of this study is to present a surface texture analysis undertaken as part of machinability assessment of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel alloy-AL6XN. The surface texture analysis includes measuring the surface roughness and investigating the microstructural behaviour of the machined surfaces. Eight milling trials were conducted using combination of cutting parameters under wet machining. An optical profilometer (non-contact), was used to evaluate the surface texture at three positions. The surface texture was represented using the parameter, average surface roughness. Scanning Electron Microscope was utilised to inspect the machined surface microstructure and co relate with the surface roughness results. Results showed that maximum roughness values recorded at the three positions in the longitudinal direction (perpendicular to the machining grooves) were 1.21 &mu;m (trial 1), 1.63 &mu;m (trial 6) and 1.68 &mu;m (trial 7) respectively whereas the roughness values were greatly reduced in the lateral direction. Also, results showed that the feed rate parameter significantly influences the roughness values compared to the other cutting parameters. The microstructure of the machined surfaces was distorted by the existence of cracks, deformed edges and bands and wear deposition due to machining process

Synthesis and Characterization of New ‎Copolymers as Asphalt Additives

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; تم تحسين خصائص الانسيابية من الاسفلت S50 بإضافة بوليمرات متعددة مختلفة كإضافات مع تجانس عالية من عينات الإسفلت. تم إعداد ثلاثة أنواع من بوليمرات بولي (أندين -Co- أنهيدريد الماليك) (A1) بولي (أكريلونتريل -Co- أنهيدريد ماليك) (A2) وبولي (أنهيدريد Dipentine -co-المالئيك) (A3)، وعبر ربط من (A3 ) إلى (A3D). باستخدام الكبريت. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;وقد صممت هذه بوليمرات عن طريق إدراج أنهيدريد المالئيك كما عصابات تحتوي من خلال العمود الفقري لسلاسل البوليمر لتكون مرتفعة يحتمل أن تتفاعل مع الماء لحماية الكراك من الرصيف. والرطوبة مع الرابطة تمنع من صدع من الرصيف، وينبغي النظر في العديد من العوامل عند إعداد الإضافات لتحسين الأداء لتكون تكلفة الراحة والسلامة الحرارية مفيدة، حياة طويلة من الأسفلت، وإعداد الشروط التي أعطت مقاومة حرارية عالية مع أكثر بثبات، وقد تميزت كل هذه أعدت من البوليمرات التي FTIR ومطيافية H-NMR حسبت اللزوجة .Intrinsic. وقد لوحظت نقطة تليين والاختراق لجميع خلطات الإسفلت التي تمت مقارنة مع عينات الأسفلت، والذي أعطى المقاومة الحرارية العالية مع مزيد منة بثبات. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;أظهرت النتائج خصائص عالية من هذه الأخلاط إذا ما قورنت مع الأسفلت الأصلي. يتم تحديد الخصائص الفيزيائية للبوليمرات محددة من تسلسل والكيميائية هيكل، عند إضافة البوليمرات سفلتة وخصائص الاسمنت الأسفلت تعديل تعتمد على خاصية البوليمر من الاسفلت والتوافق من البوليمر مع الأسفلت. تم اختبار كل هذه بوليمرات التي أعدها تليين نقطة والاختراق لجميع خلطات الأسفلت التي تمت مقارنة مع العينة الأسفلت. شملت جميع التحسينات التي أدلى بها مضيفا البوليمرات إلى الأسفلت وزيادة لزوجة خدمة الموثق، الحساسية الحرارية من الموثق، وزيادة تماسك الإسفلت، زيادة المقاومة للتشوه دائم، وتحسين مقاومة التاثر في درجات حرارة منخفضة، تحسين التصاق الرابط (اللزوجة أعلى من الرابط).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rheological properties of asphalt S50&nbsp; were improved by adding different prepared copolymers as additives with high homogeneity of asphalts&nbsp; samples. &nbsp;Three types of copolymers were prepared &nbsp;Poly&nbsp; (Indene –Co- maleic anhydride)(A1) Poly (Acrylonitrile –Co- Maleic anhydride) (A2) and Poly (Dipentine –Co-Maleic anhydride) (A3), the cross linking of (A3) to (A3d). by using sulfur. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; These copolymers&nbsp; were designed by inserting Maleic anhydride as&nbsp; rings&nbsp; containing through backbone of polymer chains to be high potentially to react with water to protect the crack of pavement .And moisture with inhibit bonding of crack of pavement, Many factors should be considered when prepared the additives to enhanced performance to be convenience cost, beneficial thermal safety ,&nbsp;&nbsp; extended life of the asphalt, preparing conditions which gave high thermal resistance with more stabilities, all these prepared copolymer have been characterized by FTIR and H-NMR spectroscopies .Intrinsic viscosities were calculated. softening point and penetration were observed for all asphalts blends which were&nbsp; compared with the &nbsp;asphalt samples, which gave high thermal resistance with more stabilities.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The results &nbsp;showed high properties of these blends when &nbsp;compared with the original asphalt. The physical properties of a specific polymers are determined by the sequence and chemical structure , When polymers are added to asphalt , the properties of the modified asphalt cement depend on polymer characteristic of asphalt and compatibility of polymer with asphalt. All these prepared copolymers were tested by softening points and penetration for all &nbsp;asphalt blends which were compared with the asphalt sample. All the Improvements made by adding polymers to asphalt included the Increasing the viscosity of the binder service, the thermal susceptibility of the binder, increased the cohesion of the asphalt, Increasing the resistance to permanent deformation, and Improved the resistance to fatigue at low temperatures, improved binder adhesion (higher viscosity of the binder

Some Properties of Li-Yorke Chaos

In this paper we study Li-Yorke chaos in linear operator on Banach space, in addition to  establishing some basic properties of Li-Yorke chaos and explanation when the operator be Li-Yorke chaos or not. We also prove...............

Palmprint Recognition by using Bandlet, Ridgelet, Wavelet and Neural Network

Palmprint recognition has emerged as a substantial biometric based personal identification. Tow types of biometrics palmprint feature. high resolution feature that includes: minutia points, ridges and singular points that could be extracted for forensic applications. Moreover, low resolution feature such as wrinkles and principal lines which could be extracted for commercial applications. This paper uses 700nm spectral band PolyU hyperspectral palmprint database. Multiscale image transform: bandlet, ridgelet and 2D discrete wavelet have been applied to extract feature. The size of features are reduced by using principle component analysis and linear discriminate analysis. Feed-forward Back-propagation neural network is used as a classifier. The recognition rate accuracy shows that bandlet transform outperforms others

The Effects of Stress on the Vascular System for Different Ages in Rats

The effects of stress in newborns were more severe than adults, The changes in the blood vessels and the heart of age-related and the result of stress are reflected on adaptation and resistance to the development of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension. Therefore, experiments were conducted to study the changes developments on the heart and blood vessels under the influence of stress at the stages of maturity, used a laboratory rat model. The impact of each of the chronotropic and the stress on the blood vessels at the newborn rats were higher than adult animals, myocardial indolence and high blood pressure were observed at the old rats compared to adult animals as a result of the stress-responses

Strain analysis at flat surfaces of loaded members using digital image correlation technique

This research examines the applicability of the planned Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system to measure the strains in tensile experiments. DIC is a low-cost optical technique, and is an appropriate measurement used to measure surface displacement, strain and stress map distribution without any contact with the tested surfaces. In the present research, the tensile test is conducted on two different flat samples, which are painted in a speckle pattern on the tested surface to use DIC features in stain measurements. To guarantee the efficiency of the planned DIC system, the DIC code has been built using MATLAB programming language. The obtained results from DIC technique is compared with the results from open-source software (Ncorr), the finite element analysis (ANSYS) as well as the exact and analytical solutions. The comparison results showed that there was A quite acceptable and agreement achieved between them. According to the exact solution, The percentage of accuracy of the obtained results for the Aluminum without hole plate was around (89-93) % whereas the accuracy with the NCORR was about 96 %. For the second copper plate with a central hole, the accuracy has been obtained to be (80.7-99) % with the analytical solution wherein its value has reached (81-97) % with Ncorr software