Volatility of Exchange Rate and Export Growth in Pakistan: The Structure and Interdependence in Regional Markets

The study empirically investigates the effect of exchange rate volatility on exports growth between Pakistan and leading trade partners. The countries are selected to determine the bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the other countries under various regional economic blocks such as SAARC, ASEAN, European, and Asia-Pacific regions. Cointegration and Error Correction techniques are used to establish the empirical relationship between exchange rate volatility and exports growth, using quarterly data from 1991:3 to 2004:2. The results indicate that the volatility of exchange rate has negative and significant effects both in the long run and short run with major trade partners, namely, UK and US. A similar pattern was observed in case of Australia, Bangladesh, and Singapore, where the volume of trade with Pakistan is comparatively consistent and less volatile. The relationship between exports growth and exchange rate volatility for India and Pakistan is observed only in the long-run perspective. However, of countries like New Zealand and Malaysia, no empirical relationship is observed between export growth and exchange rate volatility.Export, Exchange Rate, Pakistan

Bodies tell stories: Freudian hysteria in Fay Weldon's The Life and Loves of a She-Devil

Fay Weldon's The Life and Loves of a She-Devil deals with the nature of the hysteric psychological state women in abusive relationships or situations may suffer from and how they may react in either passively relenting to these conditions or taking control of their lives to achieve change. Thus, the question is raised as to whether the hysteric condition may be used as a means to an end. Women's Freudian hysterical symptoms are often physically manifested by anorexia nervosa, loss of speech (muteness), disturbed sleep, and alienation, among other maladies which may be subsumed under the category of symptoms of Freudian hysteria. Such symptoms, according to Freud, appear as the consequences of sexual violations a subject may have encountered, resulting in the manifestation of psychological disturbances characteristic of hysteria. This paper aims to investigate Fay Weldon's The Life and Loves of a She-Devil from Freud's theoretical perspectives on hysteria in order to indicate the influences of hysteria and its symptoms and reactions, focusing on the actions taken by the heroine of the novel under discussion to actualise herself

Determinants and predictors of Occupational Burnout syndrome among Residents Physicians

Background: The burnout syndrome has 3 dimensions; first is emotional exhaustion, second one is depersonalization, and third  is  low personal accomplishment. Work related burnout is increased nowadays and it becomes a serious problem affecting people who working in human services, particularly healthcare workers. This study aimed to: Determine the frequency of burnout syndrome and related factors among Salahaddin resident physicians. Subject and Method: A cross-sectional study , done from 11th of November 2021 to 15th of March 2022. A convenient sample of 100 resident and permanent doctors, working in Salahdin Public hospitals. Inclusion criteria were current residents doctor who had at least one year in a residency program. Data collected using interview questionnaire form based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory.  Results: The 100 resident doctor information analyzed and found that 56(56%) , 44(44%)  were male and  female respectively. High frequency of the resident aged 26-30 years 68(68%), 75(75%) of them living in Salahdin, junior residents represent 52(52%) and 48(48%) were permanent resident. The high scores of occupational exhaustion was reported among 41(41%). The high scores of depersonalization / loss of empathy was reported among 42(42%). The low scores of personal accomplishment assessment scores was reported among 64(64%). Females 21(47.7%) had more occupational exhaustion than male doctors 20(35.7%). high score of depersonalization / loss of empathy reported among 22(39.3%) of the male and 20(45.5%) of the females. Conclusion: burnout frequency was high among Iraqi residents with high scores of occupational exhaustion, and depersonalization/ loss of empathy, and high percentage of low scores of personal accomplishment assessment

Utilization of Palm Kernel Cake in Muscovy Ducks

Four experiments were conducted on Muscovy ducks to evaluate their utilization, performance and nutrient digestibility when offered diets containing different levels of palm kernel cake (PKC). In the first experiment, two types of PKC (solvent and expeller extracted) were force-fed to male and female ducks 7 weeks of age and the nutrient digestibility, true metabolizable energy and true amino acid digestibility were determined. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect on the type of PKC used on crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) digestibility, except for those of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) which was higher in solvent extracted compared to expeller extracted PKC. It was found that the ducks utilized about 47% of the gross energy in PKC. The average apparent metabolizable energy value of PKC for Muscovy ducks was obtained to be 1870 kcal/kg, which was rather higher than those reported in broiler chickens. The performance of male and female Muscovy ducks when fed diets containing 15% and 35% levels of PKC were investigated. The results indicated that inclusion of up to 15% of PKC in growing diet for ducks did not depress growth nor feed conversion ratio (FCR) at any significant degree. Given the low cost of PKC, such usage is likely to be economic, depending, to some extent, on cost of added oil. At this level no negative effect in faecal consistency nor carcass fatness were observed. As PKC level increased up to 35%, the ducks ate more feed and as a result had poorer FCR. The explanation for the poorer FCR could be related to the decline in the energy and protein digestibility when ducks were fed at higher PKC level as compared to the control diet. It could be suggested that addition of oil to PKC based diet may improve the palatability and thus the feed intake and the performance of the ducks. Differences in the feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility between Muscovy ducks and broiler chickens were found when PKC was included up to 25% in the diet. Feeding up to 25% level of PKC to ducks was not associated in any detrimental effects on the performance and FCR. However, FCR was depressed when PKC was added at 25% level to broiler grower diet. The ME value was found to be higher in ducks than in chickens. This indicates that the ME value for chickens cannot be applied to ducks. The digestibility of NDF was found to be higher for ducks than for chickens and this could be due to the higher hemicellulose digestibility for ducks than for chickens

Use of cefoxitin as indicator for detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Rapid and accurate identification of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is essential in limiting the spread of this bacterium. The aim of study is the detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and determining their susceptibility to some antimicrobial agent. A total of fifty clinical Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from the nose of health work staff in surgery unit of Kalar general hospital and from ear of patients attended to the same hospital. The susceptibilities of isolates were determined by the disc diffusion method with oxacillin (1 ?g) and cefoxitin (30 ?g), and by the mannitol salt agar supplemented with cefoxitin (MSA-CFOX), susceptibilities of isolates to other antimicrobial agent were determined by standard disc diffusion method, Brain heart infusion (BHI) agar with vancomycin was used for detection of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. out of fifty clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus 36/50(72%) considered to be MRSA according to MSA-CFOX growth and cefoxitin disc susceptibility results with critical diamete

Krapp and His Relations

Krapp Last Tape is one-act play written in 1958, translated by Samuel Beckett and his friend Pierre Leyris as La Dernier bande. The first production took place in London at the Royal Court Theatre in 1958.It was directed by Donald McWhinnie and Patrick Magee played the role of Krapp. Like other Beckettians, Krapp in a physical sense, is an outsider, cut from the world of social activity. He is alone in his den fumbling through the tapes made thirty years before for his human relations. Krapp’s Last tape recounts the inescapable reality of human suffering and the persistent efforts made by Man to circumvent his pain through living in his past. The main topic addressed in this paper is Krapp and his human relationships

Development of Emotion Stress Relief Recommender Tool Using Machine Learning

In today's society, individuals face unprecedented levels of stress, with varying indicators and effects. Music has long been recognized for its calming effects on the brain and body, especially slow and calm classical music, which can lower heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone levels. However, the effectiveness of music in stress management may be reduced if the music does not match the listener's current emotional state. To overcome this problem, this research aims to develop an emotion-based stress reduction recommendation tool using machine learning. This research employs experimental methods. The research results show this tool will analyze the user's emotions and recommend music most likely to reduce stress. By tailoring music recommendations to an individual's emotional state, we hope to increase the overall effectiveness of music as a stress management tool. Implications of this research include the potential for creating intelligent music players that provide more personalized and effective stress reduction

In vivo effects of the CB1 allosteric modulator LDK1258, a structural analog of ORG-27569

CB1 receptor allosteric modulators are an area of growing interest for their potential novel therapeutic actions. In the present study, we examined LDK1258 in a series of pharmacological in vivo tests sensitive to CB1 receptor stimulation. In the tetrad assay, LDK1258 produced significant decreases in locomotor activity and body temperature measures but did not produce either antinociception as measured in the tail-withdrawal assay or catalepsy as assessed in the bar test. These same effects were observed in both CB1 (-/-) and (+/+) mice. Moreover, LDK1258 failed to shift the dose-response curves of two orthosteric CB1 receptor agonists in the triad assay. In the mouse drug discrimination assay, LDK1258 failed to substitute or shift the dose-response curve for either CP55,940 or anandamide, but dose-dependently suppressed response rates. In addition, LDK1258 reduced food consumption in both CB1 (-/-) and (+/+) mice. Unexpectedly, LDK1258 elicited a delayed antinociceptive effect in the CCI model, an effect not blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant. LCMS-MS analysis detected significant levels of the drug in blood and brain tissue 30 min post-administration and remained stable up to 4 hours in the brain. The results of the present study demonstrate that LDK1258 produces a variety of pharmacological effects, including antinociception, but these effects do not require CB1 receptor activation. These findings underscore the need for translational studies to examine newly developed CB1 receptor allosteric modulators that are characterized in in vitro assays to the whole animal, as has been done with other CB1 receptor allosteric modulators

The Study of Problems Moving from the Unified Accounting System to the International Accounting Standards

The financial reporting is an essential function of accounting, it express in fairly for the correct value of economic unit. This requires a display in balance sheet all owned assets for economic unit together tangible and intangible, can it measure according to for available traditional accounting measurements or it measures impossible in these measurements, this requires new relevance measurements for intangible assets which cannot indicate it in cash. Although the shifting in economic age towards the intellectual economic or information age but the accountants still work in assumptions of the industrial age which put for tangible assets and its role for creating the value for economic unit, this will can lead the economic units to fail. Incorrectly attribute all difference between the book value and market value for intangible assets which not recognized in the balance sheet, this difference comprises, in addition, the value of this asset the effect of inflation and the influence of economic and political decisions. The intellectual capital centralizing about itself, which consider intellectual capital for certain corporation but not ditto for another, this means the comparison between two corporations did not give acceptable results, the benefited comparative between two years or more for the corporation itself which determine the development in accumulated knowledge incorporation