A Critique of Antiphon’s Justice through the Lens of Socrates’ Position on Nomoi and Phusis

Inquiries on justice, law, and natural order can often incite interesting debate and discussion. Questions such as “what is justice” and “what is the role of law and natural order in relation to justice” are among these inquiries. Although they can have many implications for contemporary issues, these inquiries are certainly not just modern problems by any means. In fact, these are fundamental questions about society that have been posed since the days of Plato, Socrates, and pre Socratic philosophers of Ancient Greece. Antiphon and Plato, in particular, have interesting views on natural order and law, and they both offer opposing perspectives. I will elaborate on both of their arguments about justice with respect to its relationship to the law and natural order, as well as justify my position in support of Plato’s view—that Antiphon’s justice does not lead to a good life

The extent of disclosure in annual reports of banking companies: The case of India

This study is an empirical investigation of the extent of both mandatory and voluntary disclosure by listed banking companies in India. It also reports the results of the association between company-specific attributes and total disclosure, i.e., mandatory and voluntary, of the sample companies. A total of 184 items were selected of which 101 and 81 were mandatory and voluntary respectively. The study revealed that in disclosing mandatory items, the average score is 88, whilst the average score for voluntary disclosure is 25. The findings also indicate that size, profitability, board composition, and market discipline variables are significant, and other variables such as age, complexity of business and asset-in-place are insignificant in explaining the level of disclosure. Results also indicate that Indian banks are very compliant with the rules regarding mandatory disclosure. In contrast, they are far behind in disclosing voluntary items. This paper has contributed to the academic literature, showing that the existence of a close monitoring system by regulatory authorities brings the potential for high compliance regarding disclosure and transparency, at least in mandatory cases. This study would be a good example for other developing countries, wanting to learn how Indian banks achieved this high level of compliance in mandatory disclosure

To investigate the need for palliative care in cerebrovascular accident (stroke) patients at Ladysmith Provincial hospital

This research study explores the need for palliative care by the patients who are recovering from stroke after an acute event. Stroke survivors need comprehensive care for their physical, psychosocial, spiritual well-being and additional support. The comprehensive total care in all aspect of physical, social and spiritual well-being can only be offered by the holistic approach of palliative care focusing, as it does, on the rehabilitation for stroke survivors to improve their quality of life. A literature review was conducted to investigate how palliative care can help to change the quality of life for stroke survivors. There has been little research on the topic of providing palliative care to stroke patients in South Africa. This research study explores the need and understanding of palliative care management for a stroke survival. The aim of the study is: "To investigate the Need for Palliative care in Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke) patients at Ladysmith Regional Hospital". The objectives of the study were: 1. To identify the holistic care needs of stroke patients. 2. To describe the care provided to stroke patients. 3. To identify the gaps in the care requirements of stroke patients. The study site was Ladysmith Regional Hospital, in UThukela District in Kwa-Zulu-Natal province, South Africa. This is a cross sectional study using mixed methods-both quantitative and qualitative-interviewing patients, and family members of patients who had suffered from a cerebrovascular accident

Nanotalade võnkumise numbriline analüüs

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneKäesolevas väitekirjas uuritakse nanomaterjalist valmistatud talade omavõnkumisi mitmesuguste kinnitusviiside korral. Väitekirjas on välja töötatud meetodid nanotalade omavõnkesageduse määramiseks astmelise nanotala jaoks erinevate kinnitustingimuste korral; kusjuures astmete nurkades asuvad stabiilsed praod või prao-tüüpi defektid. Prao mõju võnkesagedusele modelleeritakse nn kaalutu väändevedru meetodil. Selle meetodi kohaselt tuleb reaalne astmega tala asendada kahest elemendist koosneva süsteemiga, kus elemendid on omavahel ühendatud väändevedruga, mille jäikus on pöördvõrdeline pinge intensiivsuse koefitsiendiga prao tipu juures. Kuna pinge intensiivsuse koefitsiendi väärtused on leitavad kataloogidest, siis see meetod võimaldab omavahel siduda nanotala omavõnkesageduse ning prao pikkuse ja laiuse. Väitekiri koosneb sissejuhatusest, viiest peatükist ning kirjanduse loetelust, mis sisaldab 82 nimetust. Sissejuhatus kujutab endast esimest peatükki. Teises peatükis on toodud põhivõrrandid ning põhieeldused. Esimesed kaks peatükki on referatiivsed, ülejäänutes esitatakse originaalseid tulemusi. Kolmandas peatükis esitatakse nanotalade võnkumise võrrandid, mis arvestavad tala elementide pöördeinertsi. Need on Euler-Bernoulli võrrandite üldistuseks juhule, kui pöördeinertsi arvestamine on kohustuslik. See süsteem on lahendatav ka muutujate eraldamise teel. Neljandas peatükis lahendatakse põhivõrrandite süsteem numbriliselt. Näidatakse muuhulgas, et süsteemi saab hõlpsasti lahendada Maclaurini rea abil. Viies peatükk on pühendatud nanotalade võnkumise uurimisele juhul, kui nanotala on kinnitatud elastsete tugede abil st. toed ei ole jäigad. Kuuendas peatükis uuritakse pragudega nanotalade võnkumisi arvestades termilisi mõjutusi st. temperatuuripingeid. Väitekirjas saadud tulemusi on võrreldud erijuhtudel kirjandusest leitavate tulemustega ning veendutud, et väitekirjas esitatud tulemused on heas kooskõlas teiste uurijate poolt saadud tulemustega. Väitekirjas saadud tulemuste põhjal on avaldatud koos juhendajaga 10 teadusartiklit.In this dissertation, an analysis of the dynamic behavior of nanobeams with different physical and geometrical properties using several numerical techniques is presented. Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and nonlocal theory of elasticity are used to simulate the nanobeam. Nanobeams are considered with some special requirements such as tapered, axially graded, and double beams. First of all, in a tapered beam, the width of the beam is varying exponentially along the x-axis from one end to another end. The properties of the tapered beam are to reduce material consumption and provide the cross-sectional area according to the moment distribution. Secondly, in an axially graded beam, material properties such as elasticity and density are varying exponentially from one end to another end. The axially graded beam can be considered as a non-homogeneous as well as a composite beam. In this beam, the material properties can be distributed according to the requirement. The axially graded beam overcomes the limitation of conventional composite. Finally, in a double beam, two identical nanobeams are connected by a Winkler-type spring layer. Double beams are used for absorbing the vibration. It reduces deflection and vibration. The double beam is modeled by the coupled differential governing equations. Some adverse effects such as cracks and the influence of the temperature are considered. Cracks are common defects in nanostructures. Single and multiple cracks are considered in this analysis. According to the model, the crack is replaced by a rotational spring where the crack divides the beam into two segments that are connected to each other by the spring at the crack position. Cracks reduce the overall stiffness of the beam. The effect of temperature is significant for the vibration of nanobeams. The thermal load is compatible with the mechanical load where the thermal load is modeled as an axial load. It reduces the natural frequency. The main objective of this research is to find suitable techniques for a reliable, cost-effective design that is able to fulfill the desired requirements. That is why the important feature of this research is to apply numerical techniques for solving these problems. Three different approximation techniques such as homotopy perturbation technique, power series method, and Maclaurin series method are used for solving these problems. These techniques are useful for solving linear and non-linear differential equations. However, these techniques are rare to analyze the nano-material. These techniques are applied effectively to scrutinize the model of nanobeams. Obtained results are verified with the results of other researchers in the existing literature. This analysis can be used to design nano-electromechanical devices effectively.https://www.ester.ee/record=b550871

Some aspects of gastro-oesophageal reflux in anaesthetized sheep

Gastro-oesophageal reflux is a serious problem associated with ruminant anaesthesia. The results of the present investigation of this problem are summarised below.Management of animals prior to and during anaesthesia influenced the incidence of reflux. Depriving the sheep of food and water for 24 hours prior to induction of anaesthesia significantly reduced the incidence of reflux. The occurrence of reflux was also influenced by the positioning of the animal during anaesthesia. Dorsal recumbancy with the head tilted down was the most vulnerable position. In this position reflux occurred in 100% of cases as compared with right lateral recumbancy with head up position where the occurrence of reflux was only 12%.Intraruminal pressure built up during anaesthesia was monitored over a period of 60 minutes. Two planes of anaesthesia, light and deep, were maintained for two 30 minute periods in a single anaesthetic session. Intraruminal pressure build up in deep followed by light anaesthesia was significantly greater than that in light followed by deep anaesthesia. The maximum pressure gradient between the rumen and thoracic oesophagus and the occurrence of reflux were recorded and it was found that only 24% of refluxes were associated with the maximum pressure gradient. The intraruminal pressure build up in the starved sheep was significantly lower when compared with that of the unstarved sheep.The effects of intraruminal insufflation on the occurrence of reflux were investigated and it was found that the intraruminal pressure required to produce reflux was unusually high (about 40 mmHg) in comparison with pressures that can be built up during normal periods of anaesthesia lasting for 2-3 hours.The influence of halothane anaesthesia on the motor functions of the oesophagus and rumen was studied using manometric and electromyographic techniques in both light and deep planes of anaesthesia. The motility of these organs was frequently present in light anaesthesia while it was almost totally abolished in deep anaesthesia. The oesophageal pressure waves in light anaesthesia were always peristaltic in nature, the velocity being 25 cm/sec.A zone of high pressure was detected at the gastro-oesophageal junction in the anaesthetized sheep using balloon tip catheter and a pull through technique. The length of this zone was 2.9 cm. The resting LOS pressure measured by balloon tip catheter was significantly greater than that measured by open tip catheter. The resting LOS pressure was not significantly influenced by the depth of anaesthesia. The LOS usually contracted prior to rumen contraction in light anaesthesia. In deep anaesthesia, when the oesophageal and ruminal contractions were totally abolished, the LOS still showed rhythmic fluctuation in baseline pressure.The response of LOS to an increase in intraruminal pressure was studied. The LOS pressure was also increased with the increase of intraruminal pressure. The occurrence of reflux was associated with diminished LOS pressure.The influence of pentagastrin, atropine sulphate and propranolol hydrochloride on LOS pressure was studied. The LOS pressures were increased within one minute of pentagastrin injection while after atropine, the pressure was decreased within one minute. These changes in LOS pressure however were not statistically significant. Propranolol (after atropine) also had no significant influence on LOS pressure.The motor activities of the oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction and reticulorumen were studied by electromyography (EMG). These activities in the cervical oesophagus were characterised by individual spikes in light anaesthesia which were almost abolished in deep anaesthesia. The reticular and ruminal EMGs comprised of regular spike bursts, the reticular bursts usually preceded the ruminal ones. These activities were usually present in light anaesthesia while in deep anaesthesia they were totally abolished. The electromyographic activity of the gastro-oesophageal junction was characterised by continuous spike discharges which were present in both light and deep planes of anaesthesia.The influence of intravenous anaesthetic agents (pentobarbitone, thiopentone, chloral hydrate-magnesium sulphate and alphaxalone/ alphadolone) on the intraruminal pressure build up, oesophageal and ruminal motility and gastro-oesophageal reflux was studied. The largest intraruminal pressure build up was found in alphaxalone/ alphadolone anaesthesia and the smallest with thiopentone anaesthesia. The highest incidence of reflux was found with thiopentone (70%) and the lowest with alphaxalone/alphadolone (40%) anaesthesia.The barbiturates (pentobarbitone and thiopentone) caused total abolition of oesophageal and ruminal motor functions in both light and deep planes of anaesthesia. These activities, however, were frequently present in light chloral hydrate and alphaxalone/alphadolone anaesthesia. The direction of the oesophageal pressure waves in these studies was peristaltic

A comparison of voluntary and mandatory adoption of Radio Frequency Indentification (RFID) technology in organizations

The purpose of this study is to compare the organizational adoption factors of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) between adopters and non-adopters in mandatory and voluntary environments respectively. This paper presents the result of an empirical study that investigates the adoption behaviour of livestock farms in relation to RFID technology adoption in the context of Australia. The quantitative research approach has been taken for this study. The finding of this study confirmed that external pressure and organizations’ management-related factors are considered as significant by both adopters and non-adopters. Moreover, adopters considered that compatibility is another important factor for RFID adoption; while the non-adopters emphasized on costs of and expected-benefits from RFID. Implications of the results are discussed

Determinants of continuance intention of RFID in Australian livestock industry: An empirical study

The purpose of this study is to develop and refine a theoretical framework to examine the continuance intention of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in Australian livestock industry. A mixed-method research approach, consisting qualitative and quantitative, has been taken for this study. The findings of this study show that the continued RFID usage intention is influenced by satisfaction from current use, and confirmation of expectations. As a practical contribution, the findings of this study can be addressed by the Australian agricultural agencies as an acid-test of its current and future mandatory RFID policy. Policymakers can compare their experience with the findings of this study, evaluate the past, and reassess the future. As a theoretical contribution, this study is a first of its kind considering and incorporating 'adoption' in a confirmation-satisfaction framework to examine the continued usage behaviour of RFID