Studying of the complexes product of the nerve agent Soman with the Butyrylcholinesterase and Acetylcholinesterase Enzymes

Cholinesterases are among the most efficient enzymes known. They are divided into two groups: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) involved in the hydrolysis of the neurotransimitter acetylcholine, and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) of unknown function. Several crystal structures of the former have shown that the active site is located at the bottom of a deep and narrow gorge. Human BChE has attracted attention because it can hydrolyze toxic esters and nerve agents. Here we analyze the complexes of cholinesterase with soman by describing the 3D geometry of the complex, the active site, the changes happened through the inhibition and provide a description for the mechanism of inhibition. Soman undergoes degradation in the active site of the AChE and BChE. We calculate the energy of the products of the degradation reaction and suggest the reaction path. The product of the former reaction bind to serine residue in the active site and forming a stable bond and ends the catalytic function of the enzyme. This study has a useful role in the search of inhibitors to help in the treatment of Alzahimer's disease

Lipoproetin pattern in patients with chronic renal failure and those who had renal transplantation

Background: Vascular disease is common in patients with chronic renal failure as well as in patients with renal transplantation. It is a common cause of death in these patients. One possible factor for this increased incidence of vascular disease is hyperlipidaemia that frequently occurs in these patients. Purpose: To determine the lipoprotein pattern in patients with chronic renal failure and patients who had renal transplantation in our community. Methods: 78 patients, age ranging between 10-75 years (mean value of 42.7) were studied. They were 21 pre-dialysis patients, 42 dialyzed patients (20 peritoneal dialysis and 22 Haemodialysis), and 15 patients following renal transplantation. Fasting blood Cholesterol, triglyceride, high and low density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) were determined. Results: 2 patients of the pre-dialysis group had high cholesterol levels, while 6 patients had high triglyceride levels and 7 patients had high serum HDL levels. Only 9 patients had ischaemic changes on E.C.Gs. 3(7.3%) patients on dialysis group had high cholesterol levels, 11.9% had high triglyceride levels. 24 patients of the dialysis group had ischaemic changes in E.C.G. 7 transplant patients had high serum triglyceride levels and only two have elevated LDL. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 1(1) 2006: 37-4

Complex of Lascoux in Partition (6,6,3)

In this paper, the complex of Lascoux in the case of partition (6,6,3) has been studied by using diagrams, divided power of the place polarization nbsp,Capelli identities and the idea of mapping cone

Application of the resolution of the characteristic-free resolution of Weyl module to Lascoux resolution in case (6,6,3)

In this paper we study the relation between the resolution of Weyl module nbspin characteristic-free mode and in the Lascoux mode (characteristic zero), more precisely we obtain the Lascoux resolution of nbspin characteristic zero as an application of the resolution of nbspin characteristic-free

Candida albicans keratitis in an immunocompromised patient

H Mohammed J Hassan1, Theocharis Papanikolaou2, Georgios Mariatos1, Amany Hammad3, Hala Hassan41Ophthalmology Department, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, South Yorkshire, England, UK; 2Ophthalmology Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, England, UK; 3Ophthalmology Department, Rotherham Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, England, UK; 4Corneal and External Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UKPurpose: When investigating a case of unexplained corneal ulceration, we need to think of fungal infection and any predisposing factors.Methods: A case study of a corneal ulceration in a patient who was HIV positive with a devastating visual outcome.Results: Therapeutic corneal graft was necessary due to corneal perforation. Immunocompromised state of patient was retrospectively diagnosed.Conclusions: Candida albicans keratitis is an opportunistic infection of a compromised cornea, and sometimes unknowingly compromised host, which can be initially misdiagnosed. Despite intensive antifungal therapy, occasionally patients require corneal grafting to improve vision, and before it is possible to establish an accurate diagnosis.Keywords: fungal keratitis, corneal perforation, keratoplasty, human immunodeficiency virus, HI

Synthesis, Characterization and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibition activity of new Phthalimide Derivatives

 Three of imide intermediate products  were synthesized by reacting of phthalic anhydride with glycine (2a), and tetrachloro phthalic anhydride with glycine , (S)-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3-aminopropionic acid ( 2b,c)  respectively   in  dry toluene  with azeotropic removal of water using Dean- stark apparatus then carboxyl functional group activated by refluxing with  thionyl chloride, the resulted acid chloride (3a-c) were reacted with different amine (5-flourouracil, 4-chloroaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 2-amino thiazole, and pyrrolidine) (4a-e) , the   resulted products consider as the end products (5a-j) while  the compounds (5k-o) required further reaction to deprotect aliphatic amine this achieved by treating the compounds with TFA to remove tert-Butoxycarbonyl group (6a-e). The alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of some synthesized compounds (5a, 5f, 6a) were tested by using  -glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, p-nitrophenol glucopyranoside (pNPG)  used as substrate and acarbose used as standard. All these test compounds shows   excellent inhibitory activity according to IC50 values which is ranging from (4.61-7.32)

Q-Switched UV Laser Interactions with the Human Blood in Vitro

A Q-switched UV laser beam emitting wavelength at 355 nm with different energy densities (fluence, J/cm2) was used for shining sixty human blood samples in vitro. Absorption spectra of hemoglobin were measured for the first time for the samples that exposed to 500 laser pulses in comparison to control samples. It was found that the peak absorbance decreases as the laser fluence increases. This decrease in the peak absorption has been found to be due to the red blood cells deformation and aggregation resulting from the effect of the laser pulses. This phenomenon has been confirmed by examination of the blood cells slides after exposing to the laser radiation. Furthermore, the red blood cells (RBCs) counts were found to be decreased with increasing the laser fluence. The decrease in the RBCs after the irradiation explains the decrease in the hemoglobin absorbance and that represents additional evidence to the structural change according to the optical microscope images. The changes in hemoglobin absorbance are used in a clinically available optical oxymeters. The immediate hematology measurements of the blood samples after the exposure to the laser pulses indicate an increase in the white blood cells (WBCs) of the type basophiles. The measurements were obtained with a significant difference with the level of probability (p≤ 0.05) between the laser exposed samples and the control samples. This laser effect is also due to structural changes in the WBCs. The changes in mitochondria resulting in cells division are in a good agreement with many results in the literature for other types of laser irradiation and other types of the WBCs. The proliferation of the basophiles upon laser photolysis plays a vital role in the activation of the immune system and a consequent destruction of pathogens by these cells

CO2 Laser Photothermal Effects on Rats Skin Tissues

Spectroscopic and histological study of CO2 laser interaction with rats tissues were carried out. We detected for the first time the changes in optical absorption spectra of rat's tissues with selective CO2 laser optical densities ranging from 20.64 to 34.40W/cm2. The laser exposed tissues show higher absorbance in hemoglobin than that for the unexposed tissue. Using the same laser and same optical densities, the absorption spectra of fresh blood were measured. Much intense peaks of hemoglobin than that for the corresponding peaks for the tissue were detected. A scheme based on recent experimental findings is proposed for explanation of this novel phenomenon. The histological study shows thermal damage of blood vessels localized at the dermis layer. At high laser optical densities a vessel rupture with hemorrhage were occurred. The results indicate a pronounced modification of skin absorption properties by laser irradiation. Such an effect is due to thermally induced biophysical and biochemical processes inside the highly heterogeneous tissue structure. Keywords: CO2 laser, Photothermal effects, Hemoglobin absorption, Histolog

Sectional variable frequency and voltage regulation control strategy for energy saving in beam pumping motor systems

Despite the fact that the energy losses in the beam pumping motor systems (BPMS) utilized in oil fields represent a monumental challenge industrially, very few studies discussed the feasibility and applicability of a universal energy saving technology for such industry. This study proposes a sectional control strategy integrating variable frequency (VF) with voltage regulation (VR) based on the mechanical load characteristics of the BPMS. Main merits of the proposed strategy are as follows: 1) controlling horse-head acceleration through VF, and indirectly weakening the inertia torque of polished rod load, thereby reducing the power consumption during the up-stroke; and 2) based on monitoring load conditions in real time, auto-tracking VR is adopted to optimize the online efficiency of the system. The proposed strategy utilized the adaptive fuzzy logic control to alternate between VF and VR modes. The proposed energy saving strategy was applied to a CYJ10 BPMS driven via a 37-kW induction motor in simulation and experimental environments. Results revealed that the effectiveness of the proposed strategy to improve the load balance effects through better utilization of the counterbalance during the heavy-loading conditions in up-stroke. Furthermore, the energy consumption is reduced via the auto-tracking of VR under light-loading conditions during the down-stroke. Moreover, the energy saving ratio is more than 10% under different dynamic liquid levels and counter weights. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through comparing the calculated results with the measured data for a standard oil rig, and the generality is verified as well