In search of the right literature search engine(s)

*Background*
Collecting scientific publications related to a specific topic is crucial for different phases of research, health care and ‘effective text mining’. Available bio-literature search engines vary in their ability to scan different sections of articles, for the user-provided search terms and/or phrases. Since a thorough scientific analysis of all major bibliographic tools has not been done, their selection has often remained subjective. We have considered most of the existing bio-literature search engines (http://www.shodhaka.com/startbioinfo/LitSearch.html) and performed an extensive analysis of 18 literature search engines, over a period of about 3 years. Eight different topics were taken and about 50 searches were performed using the selected search engines. The relevance of retrieved citations was carefully assessed after every search, to estimate the citation retrieval efficiency. Different other features of the search tools were also compared using a semi-quantitative method.
*Results*
The study provides the first tangible comparative account of relative retrieval efficiency, input and output features, resource coverage and a few other utilities of the bio-literature search tools. The results show that using a single search tool can lead to loss of up to 75% relevant citations in some cases. Hence, use of multiple search tools is recommended. But, it would also not be practical to use all or too many search engines. The detailed observations made in the study can assist researchers and health professionals in making a more objective selection among the search engines. A corollary study revealed relative advantages and disadvantages of the full-text scanning tools.
*Conclusion*
While many studies have attempted to compare literature search engines, important questions remained unanswered till date. Following are some of those questions, along with answers provided by the current study:
a)	Which tools should be used to get the maximum number of relevant citations with a reasonable effort? ANSWER: _Using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and HighWire Press individually, and then compiling the hits into a union list is the best option. Citation-Compiler (http://www.shodhaka.com/compiler) can help to compile the results from each of the recommended tool._
b)	What is the approximate percentage of relevant citations expected to be lost if only one search engine is used? ANSWER: _About 39% of the total relevant citations were lost in searches across 4 topics; 49% hits were lost while using PubMed or HighWire Press, while 37% and 20% loss was noticed while using Google Scholar and Scopus, respectively._ 
c)	Which full text search engines can be recommended in general? ANSWER: _HighWire Press and Google Scholar._
d)	Among the mostly used search engines, which one can be recommended for best precision? ANSWER: _EBIMed._
e)	Among the mostly used search engines, which one can be recommended for best recall? ANSWER: _Depending on the type of query used, best recall could be obtained by HighWire Press or Scopus.

Preparation and characterization of protein isolate and biodiesel from garden cress seed

Garden cress seeds were analyzed for proximate composition and mineral content. The protein isolate (PI) was evaluated for chemical composition, mineral content, amino acid composition, biological values and some functional properties. The seed oil was evaluated for fatty acid profile; tocopherols and some of physicochemical properties were studied. Seeds were found to contain 29.11% oil and 25.12% protein. Phosphorus, magnesium and calcium constituted the major minerals of the seeds. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of PI was 2.37. PI was found to possess relatively high values of water and fat absorption capacity, emulsification capacity and foam capacity. The fatty acid profile showed that linolenic acid (41.17%) and oleic acid (26.42%) were the major unsaturated fatty acids, whereas palmitic acid was the major saturated acid. Total tocopherol content of garden cress oil was 150.46 mg/100 g oil. The physicochemical characteristics of oil and biodiesel meet the norm specifications

Residual Strength of Composite Unprotected Steel-Deck Floor Exposed to High Temperature (Fire Flame)

An experimental programme was conducted to find out the behaviour of composite SB-RC deck floors fabricated from three secondary steel beams welded to another two main beams topped with a concrete slab, exposed to high temperature (fire flame) of 300, 500 and 700ºC for 1 hour, then allowed to cool down by leaving them at lab condition to return to ambient temperature. The burning results show that, by exposing them to a fire flame of up to 300ºC, no serious amount of permanent deflection can result. It was also seen that the middle and lateral secondary steel beams have recovered 92 and 95% of the deflection caused by heating, respectively. While the recovered deflection of burned composite SB-RC deck floor at 500ºC was 46 and 45%, respectively. The greatest deterioration was in the exposure to 700ºC, as this leads to a higher permanent deflection of the middle and the lateral secondary steel beams, and the recovery percentage was only 11 and 18%, respectively. Then all composite SB-RC deck floors loaded till failure to determine percentage decrease in ultimate capacity. The results were compared with the behaviour of composite SB-RC deck floor without burning (control specimen). The comparison shows that the pre-burned composite SB-RC deck floor at 300, 500 and 700ºC, gives a decrease in specimens’ stiffness compared with the unburned one, by about 17, 61 and 74% for the middle secondary steel beam, and 25, 62 and 75% for the lateral ones, respectively. Also, linearity behaviour of the load-deflection curve decreases as the burning temperature increased. It was 15, 61 and 75% comparing with the unburned specimen, respectively. Also, the residual ultimate strength capacity decreases as the burning temperature was increased. For the burned composite deck floors at 300, 500 and 700°C, it was 87, 64 and 38%, respectively, compared with the unburned specimen.An experimental programme was conducted to find out the behaviour of composite unprotected steel beam-reinforced concrete SB-RC deck floors fabricated from three secondary steel beams welded to another two main beams topped with a reinforced concrete slab, exposed to high temperature (fire flame) of 300, 500 and 700ºC for 1 hour, then allowed to cool down by leaving them at lab condition to return to ambient temperature. The burning results show that, by exposing them to a fire flame of up to 300ºC, no serious amount of permanent deflection can result. It was also seen that the middle and lateral secondary steel beams have recovered 92 and 95% of the deflection caused by heating, respectively. While the recovered deflection of burned composite SB-RC deck floor at 500ºC was 46 and 45%, respectively. The greatest deterioration was in the exposure to 700ºC, as this leads to a higher permanent deflection of the middle and the lateral secondary steel beams, and the recovery percentage was only 11 and 18%, respectively. Then all composite SB-RC deck floors loaded till failure to determine percentage decrease in ultimate capacity. The results were compared with the behaviour of composite SB-RC deck floor without burning (reference specimen). The comparison shows that the pre-burned composite SB-RC deck floor at 300, 500 and 700ºC, gives a decrease in specimens’ stiffness compared with the unburned one, by about 17, 61 and 74% for the middle secondary steel beam, and 25, 62 and 75% for the lateral ones, respectively. Likewise, linearity behaviour of the load-deflection curve decreases and the curves become flatter as the burning temperature increased. Also, the residual ultimate strength capacity decreases as the burning temperature was increased. For the burned composite deck floors at 300, 500 and 700°C, it was 87, 64 and 38%, respectively, compared with the unburned specimen

The Rationale for the Executive Authority to Resort to the Judiciary

Selecting the state for direct execution is not free from restrictions, as it is imagined; disobeying to every limit, but it has conditions and restrictions the executive power must fulfill before selecting this approach, the executive power recognized this matter recently, so it began to waive practicing this direct execution for condition it estimated in the light of general interest preferring resorting to jurisdiction firstly in spite of bad sense of some police administration that foreign from this field of law supremacy due to effects of this practice. The administration may refuse resorting to administrative methods to exigent its right preferring to resort to administrative jurisdiction, claiming in the case firstly as it has a doubt in the integrity of its situation, afraid of falling in a faute, then requiring it with compensation. Practicing the jurisdiction approach is the safest to the administration, because it avoids the administration every responsibility in executing its decisions, that execution is a right to the administration practiced on its responsibility, and may be a cause to judging with compensation against it if resorted to it out of its cases or excessed conditions determining using it. We must put in mind that if the law provided a criminal penalty as a deterring sanction prevent from violating the state facilities, and whatever the imposed penalty on the violator might be, the administration satisfied with filling the criminal case and could not replace it with direct execution if estimated that penalty would be imposed is a silly and non-deterring because the method to do it is modification of legislations to aggravate the penalty, this is the second justification for resorting to jurisdiction. Disciplinary prosecution is the final justification the administration may be resorted in jurisdiction, and the administration stands as an original opponent in the front of jurisdiction, calling for imposing the deterring disciplinary sanction on the violator employees due to their crime, either it is criminally prosecuted or is a immunize financial contravention, that means the administration would stand in the situation of claimer in the front of jurisdiction in abnormal situation in the cases that would be illustrated in detail in this thesis

The Turquand rule, corporate capacity and agency in South Africa.

LLM. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2015.Abstract available in PDF file

Post-exsanguination infusion of bovine and ovine carcasses : effect on postmortem metabolic changes and the quality of meat

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 1992Includes bibliographical references (pages 128-148

Online instrument systems in reality for remote wiring and measurement of electronic in e-learning from LabVIEW+NI ELVIS II vs embedded system+web services

Recently The prestigious universities of the world strive and aim to computerize their distance education service and more specifically the remote practical work, which allows students to manipulate electronic experiments via the web, for to solve a set of problems: pedagogical, management, security, restriction by time and place and the problems the overcrowding of students in universities. This paper will describe the E@SLab system developed by the university Cadi Ayyad member of the e-live project funded by EU in the frame of ERASMUS+E@SLab is based on the latest technologies of development and respects educational and pedagogical standards. E@SLab offers 2 versions different of remote laboratory: first version (s1) is an embedded system its part software is node js+Ubuntu and the part hardware a card pcduino or raspebery. The second version (s2) is based on LABview and its hardware part is the NI ELVIS II pedagogical map. In this paper, we will compare and discuss the architecture, performance of the 2 versions of E@SLAB and review other famous approaches NetLab, VISIR, for comparing with E@SLab with the intention show its singularity

Rights of the management concerning the letter of guarantee

The notion of the letter of guarantee emerged as one of the alternative forms for the financial deposit to safeguard the administrative contract. The aim of such a notion was to protect the party to a contract from the harm of having portions of his or her capital idle. Letters of the guarantee are either interim to make sure the contract party is committed or final to make sure the performance of contract terms is perfect. It may also be an installment paid in advance to ensure perfect performance. A fourth type is the letter of guarantee for equipment or items on loan so that the objects on loan will be returned in their original state when the operation in question is over. In brief, the letter of guarantee came into being and evolved through the changing technical and practical needs and activities of various managements The present study derives its value from the fact that it focuses on the following hypotheses: 1) What if the party to a contract does not submit a letter of guarantee? 2) Is it possible to amend the terms of the letter of guarantee? 3) Is it possible to extend the time span for the validity of the letter of guarantee? or to claim its value earlier than already specified 4) Can it be confiscated or sequesterated by the bank or the authorities The study concludes that: The management in question is independently eligible for specifying the value for the letter of guarantee and rejecting any bid which does not include the full value of the interim deposit. Withdrawing the bid before the preevaluation process makes it legal for the management to claim the value of the interim deposit without prior notice and nullifies any adverse legal procedures The bank is entitled to question the management\u27s claim of the value of the deposit stated in the letter of guarantee; the role of the bank is to guarantee rather than to assess

Effect of an edible collagen film (CoffiR) on exudation in beef round steak and some processing aspects of restructured roast beef

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 1988Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-79

Rights of the management concerning the letter of guarantee

The notion of the letter of guarantee emerged as one of the alternative forms for the financial deposit to safeguard the administrative contract. The aim of such a notion was to protect the party to a contract from the harm of having portions of his or her capital idle. Letters of the guarantee are either interim to make sure the contract party is committed or final to make sure the performance of contract terms is perfect. It may also be an installment paid in advance to ensure perfect performance. A fourth type is the letter of guarantee for equipment or items on loan so that the objects on loan will be returned in their original state when the operation in question is over. In brief, the letter of guarantee came into being and evolved through the changing technical and practical needs and activities of various managements The present study derives its value from the fact that it focuses on the following hypotheses: 1) What if the party to a contract does not submit a letter of guarantee? 2) Is it possible to amend the terms of the letter of guarantee? 3) Is it possible to extend the time span for the validity of the letter of guarantee? or to claim its value earlier than already specified 4) Can it be confiscated or sequesterated by the bank or the authorities The study concludes that: The management in question is independently eligible for specifying the value for the letter of guarantee and rejecting any bid which does not include the full value of the interim deposit. Withdrawing the bid before the preevaluation process makes it legal for the management to claim the value of the interim deposit without prior notice and nullifies any adverse legal procedures The bank is entitled to question the management\u27s claim of the value of the deposit stated in the letter of guarantee; the role of the bank is to guarantee rather than to assess