The Dependence of Water and Gas Breakthrough on the Choice of Model Parameters in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Using Sector and Full Reservoir Models

Assessing fractures in carbonate reservoirs is crucial due to their substantial impact on reservoir permeability. Understanding the characteristics of these fractures is vital for optimizing oil production. Additionally, extremely heterogeneous and anisotropic permeability distribution within the natural fractured reservoir is often caused by the complexity of a fracture network. Therefore, accurate reservoir modelling and simulation must be conducted in order to achieve ultimate recovery. In this paper, a sector model has been developed based on the studied example field, and its results are compared with the full reservoir model to find out the degree of resemblance between their outputs. The study area has four natural fracture compartments, with an average reservoir height of 95m and WOC and GOC depths of 685 m and 590 m, respectively. A dual-porosity and single-permeability modelling system was used to simulate the properties of the reservoir rock. This model was derived from the Petrel layercake model. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to look into the relationships between field performance and the well. The outcomes of both models demonstrated that matrix permeability and fracture dimension had a significant impact on the early breakthrough of water and gas to comparable, huge extents. Other factors, such as aquifer size and WOC, show a moderate impact on water and gas breakthrough as well as final recovery

Performance Evaluation of the New Environmentally Friendly Additive for Enhanced Fluid Loss and Rheological Properties of Drilling Fluid

Environmental protection during drilling is necessary for onshore oil and gas development. With the available additives, it is impossible to design a drilling fluid system that is both efficient and environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, due to their high cost and complicated manufacturing procedure, several environmentally friendly drilling fluid additives cannot be utilised widely. This study used broad bean peel powder (BBPP) as a drilling fluid additive to improve drilling fluid performance. All the necessary experimental tests for rheology and filtration were conducted in an ambient condition. According to the results, BBPP reduced the drilling fluid's alkalinity by 10–39% and enhanced its rheological characteristics (plastic viscosity, gel strength). However, the BBPP had a negligible effect on other properties, including mud weight and yield point. Furthermore, adding fine (FBBPP) and Medium (MBBPP) broad bean peel powder improved the filtration properties of the reference mud. However, FBBPP was more effective in reducing the filter cake thickness and fluid loss from 1.75 mm and 20.4 mL to 1.0 mm and 13.3 mL, respectively. The ability of BBPP to improve rheological properties and decrease filtration properties makes them beneficial to a successful drilling operation

Treadmill training of rats after sciatic nerve graft does not alter accuracy of muscle reinnervation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: After peripheral nerve lesions, surgical reconstruction facilitates axonal regeneration and motor reinnervation. However, functional recovery is impaired by aberrant reinnervation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We tested whether training therapy by treadmill exercise (9 × 250 m/week) before (run–idle), after (idle–run), or both before and after (run–run) sciatic nerve graft improves the accuracy of reinnervation in rats. Female Lewis rats (LEW/SsNHsd) were either trained for 12 weeks (run) or not trained (kept under control conditions, idle). The right sciatic nerves were then excised and reconstructed with 5 mm of a congenic allograft. One week later, training started in the run–run and idle–run groups for another 12 weeks. No further training was conducted in the run–idle and idle–idle groups. Reinnervation was measured using the following parameters: counting of retrogradely labeled motoneurons, walking track analysis, and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) recordings. RESULTS: In intact rats, the common fibular (peroneal) and the soleus nerve received axons from 549 ± 83 motoneurons. In the run–idle group, 94% of these motoneurons had regenerated 13 weeks after the nerve graft. In the idle–run group, 81% of the normal number of motoneurons had regenerated into the denervated musculature and 87% in both run–run and idle–idle groups. Despite reinnervation, functional outcome was poor: walking tracks indicated no functional improvement of motion in any group. However, in the operated hindlimb of run–idle rats, the CMAP of the soleus muscle reached 11.9 mV (normal 16.3 mV), yet only 6.3–8.1 mV in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Treadmill training neither altered the accuracy of reinnervation nor the functional recovery, and pre-operative training (run–idle) led to a higher motor unit activation after regeneration

Polypropylene Composites Reinforced by Marine Posidonia Fiber Waste: Effect of Silane and Alkali treatment

This paper investigates the effects of chemical treatment and the reinforcement rate on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with Posidonia waste fibers. Increasing the reinforcement rate from 20% to 30% improved Young’s modulus and the flexural modulus of the composite. Silane treatment had a positive effect on all the mechanical properties of the composite; on the other hand, the alkali treatment improved the tensile strength but decreased the flexural property of the composite. The greatest Young’s and flexural moduli were obtained in the case of 30% reinforcement treated with silane. The increases in these properties were 57.95% and 44.84% for the tensile and flexural moduli, respectively, compared to pure polypropylene. The mechanical properties of the composite obtained were higher than those of hemp and jute produced under the same conditions using the single-screw extrusion process. The results show that Posidonia waste fiber is an effective candidate to be utilized to produce composites for the automotive industry, such as rear shelves, boot linings, spare wheel compartments, and interior doors, and that it has economic and ecologic advantages in comparison with hemp and jute fibers

Treatment With Nimodipine or FK506 After Facial Nerve Repair Neither Improves Accuracy of Reinnervation Nor Recovery of Mimetic Function in Rats

Purpose Nimodipine and FK506 (Tacrolimus) are drugs that have been reported to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. We therefore tested these substances aiming to improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation after facial nerve injury. Methods In 18 female rats, the transected facial nerve was repaired by an artificial nerve conduit. The rats were then treated with either placebo, nimodipine, or FK506, for 56 days. Facial motoneurons were pre-operatively double-labeled by Fluoro-Gold and again 56 days post-operation by Fast-Blue to measure the cytological accuracy of reinnervation. The whisking motion of the vibrissae was analyzed to assess the quality of functional recovery. Results On the non-operated side, 93–97% of those facial nerve motoneurons innervating the vibrissae were double-labeled. On the operated side, double-labeling only amounted to 38% (placebo), 40% (nimodipine), and 39% (FK506), indicating severe misdirection of reinnervation. Regardless of post-operative drug or placebo therapy, the whisking frequency reached 83–100% of the normal value (6.0 Hz), but whisking amplitude was reduced to 33–48% while whisking velocity reached 39–66% of the normal values. Compared to placebo, statistically neither nimodipine nor FK506 improved accuracy of reinnervation and function recovery. Conclusion Despite previous, positive data on the speed and quantity of axonal regeneration, nimodipine and FK506 do not improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation in rats

The effect of ileostomy closure timing on low anterior resection syndrome in patient who underwent low anterior resection for rectal cancer

This is a multi-center retrospective study of patients underwent low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Ileostomy had been done to protect low lying Colo-rectal anastomosis, closure of ileostomy had been delayed in some patients due to patient own will, surgical complications (anastomotic leak) or coarse of chemotherapy. This study aimed to find the effect of temporary ileostomy on post-operative bowel defunction which is called Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS), and include; urgency, difficulty in emptying of bowel, and incontinence for feces and flatus.  A total of 50 patients included in this study, the age ranges from the 19 to 80 years old with a mean age of 51.96 years. The total number of males was (33, %66). Majority of patients were overweight (21, 42%). The distance of tumors from the anal verge were less than 10 cm in (31,62%). The mean duration of fecal diversion was 7.17 months. Loop ileostomy were closed before six months in (27,54%). The mean duration of diversion of patients developed no LARS was 6.87 months which is shorter than those of developed LARS (7.31). Lower BMI patients are more prone to develop LARS, while Obese patients are more susceptible to develop major LARS. Nineteen cases developed LARS among those patient’s ileostomy closed before six months, and 15 cases developed LARS in those ileostomies closed after six months.   &nbsp

Performance Evaluation of the New Environmentally Friendly Additive for Enhanced Fluid Loss and Rheological Properties of Drilling Fluid

Environmental protection during drilling is necessary for onshore oil and gas development. With the available additives, it is impossible to design a drilling fluid system that is both efficient and environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, due to their high cost and complicated manufacturing procedure, several environmentally friendly drilling fluid additives cannot be utilised widely. This study used broad bean peel powder (BBPP) as a drilling fluid additive to improve drilling fluid performance. All the necessary experimental tests for rheology and filtration were conducted in an ambient condition. According to the results, BBPP reduced the drilling fluid's alkalinity by 10–39% and enhanced its rheological characteristics (plastic viscosity, gel strength). However, the BBPP had a negligible effect on other properties, including mud weight and yield point. Furthermore, adding fine (FBBPP) and Medium (MBBPP) broad bean peel powder improved the filtration properties of the reference mud. However, FBBPP was more effective in reducing the filter cake thickness and fluid loss from 1.75 mm and 20.4 mL to 1.0 mm and 13.3 mL, respectively. The ability of BBPP to improve rheological properties and decrease filtration properties makes them beneficial to a successful drilling operation

Ultrastructure of human platelet concentrates after treatment with pathogen reduction technologies for prolonged storage

Background and objectivesPathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) increase blood supply safety but may also increase platelet storage lesion, probably due to mitochondrial DNA damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether these changes are morphologically detectable.Materials and methodsBlood platelets were obtained by triple-dose apheresis collection (n = 8). Immediately after splitting, single units were left untreated (CONTROL) or treated with either psoralen-UVA (INTERCEPT) or riboflavin-UVB (MIRASOL). All platelet units were resuspended in platelet additive solution (INTERSOL or SSP+) and stored for up to seven days. Seven samples from each donation were examined by electron microscopy fresh, i.e., immediately after collection, and after1 day and 7 days of storage either untreated or treated with INTERCEPT or MIRASOL PRT. The volumes of mitochondria and of the canalicular system (CS) were measured.ResultsFreshly isolated platelets (0 days storage) contained 2.4% mitochondria (volume density) and 4.5% CS (volume density). After 1 day of storage mitochondrial volume density was reduced to 1.5% in untreated, 1.3% in INTERCEPT-treated and 1.6% in MIRASOL-treated platelet concentrates, i.e., a loss of up to 37% of mitochondrial volume regardless of treatment. After 7 days storage mitochondrial volume density was 1.3, 1.3 and 1.5% respectively; neither at 1 nor at 7 days storage were any noteworthy differences between untreated, INTERCEPT or MIRASOL-treated platelets. In stark contrast to mitochondria the CS ballooned up to 88% in all groups. After 1 day of storage CS volume density was increased to 8.6% in untreated, 8.4% in INTERCEPT-treated and 7.0% in MIRASOL-treated platelet concentrates. After 7 days storage CS volume density was 8.0, 8.3 and 6.3% respectively; neither at 1 nor at 7 days storage were significant differences between untreated, INTERCEPT or MIRASOL-treated platelets. Only at 7 days a slight tendency of a smaller CS in MIRASOL versus INTERCEPT and untreated CONTROL groups was observed.ConclusionPlatelet mitochondrial volume shrinks and canalicular system swells within the first 24 h after collection and then both remain rather constant for up to seven days with or without PRT treatment. Pathogen reduction technology – both INTERCEPT and MIRASOL – does not increase morphological platelet storage lesion