Assessing the Effects of Dual Tasking on Spatiotemporal Parameters of Gait in Older Adults: Exploring Age and Task Demands

The percentage of the senior citizens is expected to be 20% of the US population by 2030. Falls are considered a global problem due to the increased rate of falls and the costs associated with treating impairments resulting from falls. To date, the effects of performing different types of dual tasks among different age groups of the elderly has received less attention. Therefore, this study sought to assess the impact on spatiotemporal parameters of gait when differing age groups of older adults performer dual tasks that require differing motor and cognitive demands. Three standard measurements were used in this study: (a) the Mini Mental State Examination, (b) Dynamic Gait Index, and (c) The Time Up and Go test. Thirty-one participants walked on (GAITRite) and randomly performed a total of three trials for each of the four tasks: (a) walking, (b) walking while calculating, (c) walking while stepping over an obstacle, and (d) walking while talking. The spatiotemporal parameters of gait — velocity, cadence, stride length, and double supports —were analyzed by using a mixed design analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, if the main effect within participants was significant, a pairwise comparison (Bonferroni correction) was used to determine where the difference lied. The results of this study showed a significant difference in the main effect for the age classification of stride length of the left leg. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the main effect for the single task and dual tasking of velocity, cadence, double support for left and right legs, and stride length for left and right leg. Additionally, there were significant differences in the main effect for the dual tasking of velocity, cadence, double support for left and right legs, and stride length for left and right leg. The observations showed that the elderly decreased velocity, cadence, and stride length while increasing double support when the complexity of dual tasking increased, in order to provide more stability. Additionally, this study made the elderly concentrate on their balance rather than on the task itself. Therefore, it is important that employees in senior housing be aware of this study when giving instructions to elderly people while they are walking, because the elderly will either concentrate on their walking or ignore the instructions, or they will follow the instructions and increase their rates of falling

The use of regenerative techniques in apical surgery: A literature review

AbstractApical surgery has become a standard of care for tooth maintenance if conventional endodontic retreatment is not possible or associated with risks. However, in certain situations, the outcome of apical surgery may be compromised due to the extent or location of the periapical or periradicular lesions. The present review article including clinical and experimental studies reports and discusses the outcome of regenerative techniques (RT) in conjunction with apical surgery, with regard to the type of periradicular lesions:Apical lesionsThe majority of studies have shown no benefit for healing in test sites treated with RT compared to control sites treated without RT. The use of a radio-opaque bone filler/substitute may even compound the radiographic interpretation of periapical healing. Currently, the use of RT for lesions <10mm limited to the apical area is not warranted.Through-and-through lesionsAll reviewed studies demonstrated a better outcome for test sites with RT compared to the control sites without RT; hence the use of RT for treatment of tunnel lesions in apical surgery is recommended.Apico-marginal lesionsAll clinical studies assessed cohorts without controls, and, therefore, no firm conclusion about the benefit of RT for treatment of apico-marginal lesions in conjunction with apical surgery can be drawn. However, the experimental animal studies have shown that healing of teeth with apico-marginal lesions appears to benefit from RT

Ijma' in Jurisprudential Rules: Theory and Application

The research is concerned with jurisprudential rules as Shari'ah generalizations. It aims to :identify the rules based on ijmaa'/consensus; to record and induce possible rules associated with ijmaa' as marked by various related expressions; to critically evaluate the validity of claimed ijmaa' by means of tracing the source of the anecdote in the case of each rule; to classify the identified ijmaa' rules in a variety of ways; to show the characteristics of that type of rules as well as the influence of ij'maa' on them and on their derivatives. The research follows an inductive analytical methodology. The research reveals nine findings the most important of which are the following: ijmaa' is either general agreement among all scholars or special agreement among specialists in fiqh rules; agreement has various forms levels and sources; consensus status of derivatives and their general rules is reciprocal; ijmaa' bestows on jurisprudential rules a reliability advantage due to ijmaa' traits. Among the research recommendations are the following: more attention be given to conducting further inductive studies on issues related jurisprudential rules, particularly issues of agreements and differences on rules and related general requirements; and a special study be directed to the critical investigation of the area of dispute in jurisprudential rules

Teachers’ Hidden Curriculum and its Role in Promoting Citizenship Values Among Primary School Students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which primary school teachers in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia practice the hidden curriculum with their students. The study also aims to identify the role of these teachers’ practices in promoting citizenship values ​​in primary school students in the Saudi community, and to provide suggestions based on the results. The researcher used a mixed approach method, with the necessary data collected by applying a questionnaire to a stratified random sample of primary school principals.&nbsp; Furthermore, personal interviews were conducted with a sample of primary school teachers to identify their practices of the hidden curriculum with students, which reflected behaviors that enhance citizenship values in primary school students. The study team prepared its tools, and its psychometric properties were verified before applying them to the sample. The study population&nbsp;&nbsp; consisted of all teachers and school principals of public primary schools in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results identified the most common practices of the hidden curriculum that teachers apply with their students. The results of the study also revealed that there are statistically significant differences in school principals’ estimation of teachers’ practices of the hidden curriculum according to the variable “years of experience”, in favor of principals with more than 10 years of experience, while there are no statistically significant differences in school principals’ estimation of the teacher’s practices of the hidden curriculum according to the “gender” variable

Assessment and Management of Scabies in Primary Care Settings

Scabies is an overlooked tropical illness that yet has significant worldwide effects and lasting health repercussions. The condition is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis, which is a parasitic organism that dwells on the outer layer of the human skin. Scabies is prevalent in impoverished neighborhoods as a result of the high population density in locations such as nursing homes, correctional facilities, and among homeless and displaced children. Nevertheless, modern nations are also prone to scabies infestations, particularly in cases of institutional outbreaks or mini epidemics occurring after conflict or natural calamities. Scabies diagnosis can be aided by both invasive and noninvasive techniques. This paper reviews assessment diagnosis, and management of scabies in primary health care settings

Prognostic significance of heat shock protein 90AA1 (HSP90α) in invasive breast cancer

Aims: The mechanisms that drive breast cancer (BC) progression and poor outcome are not fully understood. The human heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90α) encoded by the HSP90 'A1 gene has a vital role in cellular responses to stress and is implicated in the development and progression of many cancers. The current study aims to explore the clinical and prognostic importance of HSP90α in BC. Methods: The Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (n=1980); The Cancer Genome Atlas (n=1097) and the Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner (Bc-GenExMiner) BC datasets (n=5056) were used to evaluate HSP90 'A1 mRNA expression. HSP90α protein expression was further assessed using immunohistochemistry in a large (n=911) well-characterised BC series. The association between mRNA and protein expressions with other clinicopathological parameters and outcome was analysed. Results: High expression of HSP90 'A1 both at the mRNA and protein levels was significantly associated with characteristics of BC poor prognosis, including high grade, lymphovascular invasion, poor Nottingham Prognostic Index and positive expression of p53 and PIK3CA. Outcome analysis revealed that high HSP90α protein expression is an independent predictor of shorter BC-specific survival. Conclusion: HSP90α can be used as a potential prognostic marker in BC. Further mechanistic studies are warranted to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms mediated by HSP90α in BC

The prognostic significance of Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) in invasive breast cancer

BackgroundLymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a prognostic factor in early-stage invasive breast cancer (BC). Through bioinformatics, data analyses of multiple BC cohorts revealed the positive association between interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) LVI status. Thus, we explored the prognostic significance of ISG15 in BC.MethodsThe prognostic significance of ISG15 mRNA was assessed in METABRIC (n = 1980), TCGA (n = 854) and Kaplan–Meier Plotter (n = 3951). ISG15 protein was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (n = 859) in early-stage invasive BC patients with long-term follow-up. The associations between ISG15 expression and clinicopathological features, expression of immune cell markers and patient outcome data were evaluated.ResultsHigh mRNA and protein ISG15 expression were associated with LVI, higher histological grade, larger tumour size, hormonal receptor negativity, HER2 positivity, p53 and Ki67. High ISG15 protein expression was associated with HER2-enriched BC subtypes and immune markers (CD8, FOXP3 and CD68). High ISG15 mRNA and ISG15 expressions were associated with poor patient outcome. Cox proportional multivariate analysis revealed that the elevated ISG15 expression was an independent prognostic factor of shorter BC-specific survival.ConclusionThis study provides evidence for the role of ISG15 in LVI development and BC prognosis. Further functional studies in BC are warranted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ISG15

Assessment and Management of Atopic Dermatitis in Primary Care Settings

An increasingly common chronic inflammatory skin condition is atopic dermatitis (AD). It exhibits severe itching as well as recurring eczematous lesions. New difficulties for treatment selection and approach occur with the expansion of available therapy alternatives for healthcare professionals and patients.&nbsp; The article highlights recent developments in scientific research on atopic dermatitis diagnosis and assessment that have led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and the development of targeted therapies, both of which have the potential to completely change the way AD is treated, particularly in a primary care setting