Iron Oxide Encapsulated Gold Colloidal Nanoparticle Via Rapid Sonochemical Method For Mri And Ct Imaging Application

Core@shell nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au NPs) have multiple functions obtained in one stable entity and thus have been extensively investigated. Combining Fe3O4 and Au NPs in one core@shell nanostructure is a promising strategy for diagnostic biomedical applications. However, the conventional direct methods for Fe3O4@Au NPs synthesis are laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, this study presents a facile and rapid sonochemical technique of synthesising Fe3O4@Au NPs with excellent physicochemical properties for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan. The Au shell is coated on Fe3O4 NPs using a Vibra-Cell ultrasonic solid horn with tip size, frequency and power output of ½ inch, 20 kHz and 750 watts, respectively within 10 minutes. The targeted zeta potential of - 46.125 mV was achieved under the optimum conditions of 10 ml of HAuCl4, 30 ml of sodium citrate (SC) and sonication amplitude of 40%, which is consistent (about 99.2%) with the actual average zeta potential (- 45.8 mV). The stability and monodispersing of Fe3O4NPs improved following modification to Fe3O4@Au, as indicated by the increase in zeta potential from - 24.2 mV to - 45.8 mV. The saturation magnetization (Ms) value of Fe3O4 was 54 emu/g, while that of Fe3O4@Au NP is 38 emu/g. In general, the sonochemical method effectively synthesis highly stable and monodisperse Fe3O4@Au NPs with an average size of about 20 nm within 10 minutes

Investigation of the aptness of newly developed epoxy-based equivalent tissues for newborn and 5-years old in paediatric radiology

The varied radiological applications of tissue equivalent (TE) materials encompass quality checks, diagnostic imaging and dose evaluations. Nevertheless, the availability of compounds representative of paediatric patient tissues for scientific use in lower diagnostic photon energy spectra is limited. In this study, several TE substitutes were developed which replicate the radiographic characteristics of human tissue within these energy ranges, i.e. TE materials for neonatal soft tissue (ESST-NB), neonatal skeletal tissue (ESTB-NB), and the equivalent tissue types representative of a 5 year old child (ESST and ESBT, respectively). The ORNL stylised computational model series was used as a source for the desired elemental proportions. The density, effective atomic number, CT numbers and electron densities calculated for the developed tissue substitutes approximated those of the phantom system used as a reference. Additionally, in keeping with the material choice and production limitations, as close correlations as possible were achieved for all the materials in relation to the reference data for mass densities, mass attenuation coefficients and mass energy-absorption coefficients. The TE substitutes for the newborn over an energy range of 47 keV to 66 keV exhibited maximum discrepancies for {\mu}/\r{ho} of 1.6% to -3.01%, and for {\mu}_en/\r{ho} of 1.15% to -1.4% in relation to the ORNL reference samples. The respective equivalent data ranges were 1.09 % to -3.02% and 1.92% to -2.53% for the TE materials representative of a 5-year-old. Given the excellent concordance achieved between the newly constructed TE materials and the reference data, these compounds can subsequently be utilised to create physical phantoms representative of tissue types in neonates and children aged 5 years

Rapid Sonochemically-Assisted Synthesis of Highly Stable Gold Nanoparticles as Computed Tomography Contrast Agents

One of the most widely used modalities of clinical imaging is computed tomography (CT). Recent reports of new contrast agents toward CT imaging have been numerous. The production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as contrast agents for CT is primarily a topic of intense interest. AuNPs have beneficial features for this application, including excellent X-ray attenuation, flexible sizes and shapes, tailorable surface chemistry, excellent biocompatibility and high levels of contrast generating matter. AuNPs with a size of about 18.5 nm and semi-spherical shape were synthesized using a sonochemical method. The attenuation rate of X-rays as measured in Hounsfield units per unit concentration (HU/mg) was measured. Ultrasound treatment for a duration of five min has been shown to produce highly stable AuNPs in different media (AuNPs in water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was −42.1 mV and −39.5 mV, respectively). The CT value (HU = 395) of the AuNPs increased linearly with an increase in the AuNP dosage. The results confirm the use of ultrasonic treatment for the production of metal nanostructures, particularly highly stable non-toxic AuNPs, with good morphology and high-quality crystal structure using an easy and fast method. Synthesized AuNPs have the potential to be used as a CT contrast agent in medical imaging applications

Classification of Soils East of the Shatt al-Arab Area and Assess their Agricultural Purposes using Technologies for Remote Sensing 2 Indices

This study was conducted to know the importance of some digital , indices in the study area in province of  Basrah  . Using Remote sensing Technique as Satellite image Land Sat 8 OLI, Contour line and Geographic Information system (GIS) to delineate the land form units in area, which was checked and completed through field observation to generate a preliminary soil mapping units. Ten profiles were taken to represent different mapping units. Results showed correlation that there were significant relationships between digital indices and spectral reflectivity, found the case of the variation in the values of the change in vegetation (NDVI) among soil profiles  study area ranging directory between 0.0844 - 0.1795 values and this represents a case of variation in vegetation , as the highest value of the NDVI in pedon 4 and reached 0.1795 fact that this pedon  located in rivers levees area of vegetation , and there is a variation between SI values in soil profiles  study area ranged from 0.227 - 0.415 is observed that the highest values were in pedon 3,6 and 8 and  by 0.405, 0.412 and 0.415,respectively, to the presence of light material color of the presence of surface crust of salt and the rule of calcium carbonate. The results showed the SAVI linear correlation is negative relationship highly significant between the soil and plant amounted to  0.99 , as evidence between 0.0773 - 0.1383 values ranged ,These represent a variation in vegetation , as she was the highest value of the SAVI in the pedon 4 and reached 0.1383. The rest of the digital indices was the influence is not clear in the study area .As can be seen from the results of digital indices there is a difference in values between each pedons and from which you can distinguish the spatial variability of soil surface properties.

Green synthesis: Proposed mechanism and factors influencing the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles

Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have attracted interest in catalysis and biomedical applications due to their unique structural, optical, and catalytic properties. However, the conventional synthesis of Pt NPs using the chemical and physical methods is constrained by the use of harmful and costly chemicals, intricate preparation requirement, and high energy utilization. Hence, this review emphasizes on the green synthesis of Pt NPs using plant extracts as an alternative approach due to its simplicity, convenience, inexpensiveness, easy scalability, low energy requirement, environmental friendliness, and minimum usage of hazardous materials and maximized efficiency of the synthesis process. The underlying complex processes that cover the green synthesis (biosynthesis) of Pt NPs were reviewed. This review affirms the effects of different critical parameters (pH, reaction temperature, reaction time, and biomass dosage) on the size and shape of the synthesized Pt NPs. For instance, the average particle size of Pt NPs was reported to decrease with increasing pH, reaction temperature, and concentration of plant extract

Recent Advances in Synthesis, Medical Applications and Challenges for Gold-Coated Iron Oxide: Comprehensive Study

Combining iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in one nanostructure is a promising technique for various applications. Fe3O4 NPs have special supermagnetic attributes that allow them to be applied in different areas, and Au NPs stand out in biomaterials due to their oxidation resistance, chemical stability, and unique optical properties. Recent studies have generally defined the physicochemical properties of nanostructures without concentrating on a particular formation strategy. This detailed review provides a summary of the latest research on the formation strategy and applications of Fe3O4@Au. The diverse methods of synthesis of Fe3O4@Au NPs with different basic organic and inorganic improvements are introduced. The role and applicability of Au coating on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs schemes were explored. The 40 most relevant publications were identified and reviewed. The versatility of combining Fe3O4@Au NPs as an option for medical application is proven in catalysis, hyperthermia, biomedical imaging, drug delivery and protein separation

Development of a spectrophotometric analytical approach for the measurement of cefdinir in various pharmaceuticals

An accurate and sensitive determination procedure has been established for the quantification of cefdinir in pure and pharmacological formulas. The approach was dependent on derivatizing cefdinir with sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (SAS) in an alkaline medium to produce a magenta-colored derivative with a maximum absorbance at 517 nm against the reagent blank. Different factors affecting the interaction of cefdinir with SAS were studied carefully and optimized, such as the buffer value, medium acidity, the duration of hydrolysis, and the reagent percentage. Under optimized conditions, a linear calibration curve with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9995 was obtained over the concentration range of cefdinir 0.5–100 μg/mL. The values of the parameters that represented the sensitivity of the method were satisfactory, i.e., the limit of detection, the limit of quantification, as well as Sandell's sensitivity (л) were 0.1 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, and 0.064 μg/cm2/0.001 Au, respectively. The relative standard deviation was below 1.35%, while the percentage recovery was 99.930%–102.257%. The mole ratio of the colored complex was estimated by following Job's method of continuous variation, which indicated that the cefdinir-SAS ratio was 1:1. The suggested approach was proven to be adequately accurate, precise, and without interfering with common excipients and additives. Thus, it could be implemented successfully for the standard determination of cefdinir in its pure and pharmaceutical forms

Comparison of Wavelength-Dependent Penetration Depth of 532 nm and 660 nm Lasers in Different Tissue Types: Comparison of wavelength-dependent penetration depth

Introduction: The depth of laser light penetration into tissue is a critical factor in determining the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the optimal laser light penetration depth necessary for achieving maximum therapeutic outcomes in PDT remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of laser light penetration depth at two specific wavelengths, 532 nm and 660 mm.Methods: Chicken and beef of different thicknesses (1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mm±0.2 mm) were used as in vitro tissue models. The samples were subjected to irradiation by a low-level laser diode of 532 and 660 nm in continuous mode for 10 minutes. with power densities of 167 and 142 J/cm2, respectively. Laser light transmission through the tissue was measured using a power meter.Results: For beef samples, the 660 nm wavelength achieved a maximum transmission intensity of 30.7% at 1 cm thickness, while the 532 nm laser had a transmission intensity of 6.5%. Similarly, in chicken breast samples, the maximum transmission occurred at 1 cm thickness with 68.1% for the 660 nm wavelength and 18.2% for the 532 nm laser.Conclusion: Results consistently demonstrated a significant correlation (P<0.05) between tissue thickness and laser light penetration. Thicker tissues exhibited faster declines in light transmission intensity compared to thinner tissues within 10 minutes. These findings highlight the importance of further research to enhance light delivery in thicker tissues and improve the efficacy of PDT in various medical conditions