A novel steganography approach for audio files

We present a novel robust and secure steganography technique to hide images into audio files aiming at increasing the carrier medium capacity. The audio files are in the standard WAV format, which is based on the LSB algorithm while images are compressed by the GMPR technique which is based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and high frequency minimization encoding algorithm. The method involves compression-encryption of an image file by the GMPR technique followed by hiding it into audio data by appropriate bit substitution. The maximum number of bits without significant effect on audio signal for LSB audio steganography is 6 LSBs. The encrypted image bits are hidden into variable and multiple LSB layers in the proposed method. Experimental results from observed listening tests show that there is no significant difference between the stego audio reconstructed from the novel technique and the original signal. A performance evaluation has been carried out according to quality measurement criteria of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR)

Study the Optical and Structural Properties for Thin Film Zinc Oxide (ZNO) Produced by Pulsed Laser Deposition

اغشيه اوكسيد الزنك المحضرة بتقنيه الترسيب بالليزر النبضي باستخدام ليزر النديميوم ياك Q-Switching ذو الطول الموجي( (1.06µm ومعدل تكرار(6Hz)  ولطاقه ليزر  500 mJ))   بتقنيه الفراغ ولضغط  تورر في درجه حراره الغرفة .  الخواص البصرية التي تتضمن معامل الامتصاصية ومعامل الخمود ومعامل الانكسار لأغشيه اوكسيد الزنك تم ايجادها ومناقشه النتائج . من طيف الامتصاصية لا وكسيد الزنك  اظهرت النتائج بانه يمتلك فجوه طاقه مباشره مقدارها((3eV . استخدم طيف تحويل فورير للأشعة تحت الحمراء لبيان وجود الأصرة بين الزنك والاوكسجين.                                                                                                   Zinc oxide (ZnO) was prepared by pulsed laser deposition(PLD) using Q-Switching Nd: YAG laser with  =Nd:YAG laser ( a=1064 nm , f=6heposotion NE (ZnPc) THIN FILMS PREPARED BY PULSED LASER DEPOSITION                1064 nm, Repetition rate (f )= 6 Hz , and Energy (E) = 500 mJ at room temperature under vacuum condition with torr. The optical properties included the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, index of refractive for the films of ZnO was evaluated and the results are discussed. The energy band gap of thin-film ZnO 3 (eV) at room temperature. The optical transition was found to be direct and allowed transition. Moreover, UV–visible spectra were used to evaluate the ZnO energy gap. FTIR spectra for ZnO used to the presence of  Zn-O bonding

MAIZE GROWTH, YIELD, WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT IRRIGATION METHODS AND AMOUNTS AND DIFFERENT TIMING AND METHODS OF NITROGEN APPLICATIONS

Declining the quantity and quality of freshwater resources in many parts of the world, including Midwestern USA, especially in the light of rapidly growing world’s population and changing climate, imposes significant and, in some cases imminent, challenges for producers, policy- and decision-makers to produce more yield with less water and other inputs, particularly in water scarcity regions. There is not comprehensive previous research has quantified and evaluated coupled impacts of irrigation rates and nitrogen timing management strategies and their interactions on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and its various attributed efficiency index metrics under different irrigation methods under the same environment conditions and under the same soil and crop management practices simultaneously. Extensive field experiments were conducted for maize during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in three large scale fields under center pivot (CP), subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and furrow irrigation (FI) methods at full irrigation treatment (FIT), 80% FIT, 60% FIT and rainfed treatment (RFT) with three N application timing treatments. N application timing treatments that were imposed are: (i) traditional (NT); pre-plant application (TN) treatment, (ii) non-traditional-1 (NT-1); in-season three time N applications, and (iii) non-traditional-2 (NT-2); in-season four time N applications. The overall objectives of the study were to quantify and compare numerous maize plant physiological and biophysical properties, maize production, soil water dynamics, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), crop water productivity, yield response factor (Ky), N use efficiency indices, and developing new functions between nitrate-N vs. total water supply; seasonal irrigation water; and yield to account for nitrate-N driving factors. Main effects of N treatments, irrigation methods, and year were (pSDI \u3e FI across all treatments, both NT-1 and NT-2 were higher (p Results should provide invaluable data and information will improve synergy between nutrition and water, maximize maize and soil productivity, increase farmer’s profit, stakeholder awareness, and protect environmental quality for the study area

Risky Sexual Behavior and Associated Factors Among High School Students in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia

According to World Health Organization (WHO), youth are young people within 15-24 years old. Studies reported that more than half of all new HIV infections occur among people between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Institution based quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among high school students in Gondar city. Multistage sampling technique was employed to recruit study participants. Data were collected using pretested structured self-administered questionnaire. Data were entered in Epi Info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were computed to describe important variables in relation to the outcome variable, Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify independent predictors of the outcome variable. The overall prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 12.8%. Two out of five sexually active respondents ever had unprotected sexual intercourse. Ever used alcohol ((AOR, 3.53 95% CI (1.73-7.19)), had no parental monitor (AOR, 12.21 95% CI (6.55-22.78), ever watched pornographic film (AOR, 2.24 95% CI (1.15-4.35), had no parental discussion on sexual and reproductive health issues (AOR, 2.57 95% CI (1.36-4.85) and peer pressure (AOR,2.50, 95%CI (1.20-5.21), were factors which significantly increases the odds of risky sexual behavior among youth. Risky sexual behavior among high school students in Gondar city administration was very high and worrisome; so that collaborated effort is needed from parents, schools, health facilities and health policy makers to bring healthy sexual behavior among school youth

Study of Spectral and thermal properties of Selenium Diatomic Halides by Semi-empirical Treatment

The spectroscopic properties, potential energy curve, dipole moments, total charge density, Electrostatic potential as well as the thermodynamic properties of selenium diatomic halides have been studied using code Mopac.7.21 and hyperchem, semi-empirical molecular orbital of MNDO-method (modified neglected of differential overlap) of parameterization PM3 involving quantum mechanical semi-empirical Hamiltonian. The relevant molecular parameters like interatomic distance, bond angle, dihedral angle and net charge were also calculated

Removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) from Their Aqueous by Bio Byproducts of Leaf Base (Petiole) and Fiber of the Date Palm as Low Cost Adsorbents

The present study included study of using the agricultural bio byproducts of leaf base (petiole) and fiber of the date palm as low cost adsorbents for removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) from their aqueous solutions via preparation of activated carbon. The results showed that the adsorption equilibrium time was 40, 30 min. for Ni(II) by leaf and fiber respectively and 30 min for Cd (II) adsorption by both of byproducts. The obtained results indicated that over pH range (6.5–7.0) there is an increased optimum of adsorption for all metal ions. (0.5g) of adsorbent is very ideal to obtain the best adsorption for both studied metals ions . The capacity of the adsorbents to adsorb these metal ions were found to be Ni (II) >Cd (II). The isotherms obeyed Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich isotherm for both metals. Fiber has the highest removal than petiole. Thermodynamic parameters ( ΔGo) , (ΔHo) and (ΔSo) have been found that the sorption process was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic. Calculated kinetic parameters showed that the pseudo first order model is best fit to the experimental data