Comparative study of Arduino Types and Raspberry Pi with Programming Languages

The world is developing at an amazing speed through modern technologies to control things and microcontrollers have become a preoccupation of most developers of remote and proximity control devices in various industrial, household, and educational sectors, so it is necessary to study them in-depth and know the differences between Arduino and Raspberry in terms of hardware and software so that the developer is aware of what they can use it to build his project. Both Arduino and Raspberry are microcontrollers, but the first works without the need to connect to a computer, and works through an open source program as it is a single board and deals with a simple program every time and can connect to the Internet, while Raspberry connects to a computer via USB It deals with the language of Linux and Ruby and can perform mathematical and arithmetic operations and encrypt Bitcoin currencies, for these reasons, all these concepts will be explained in this paper, and that any technician or programmer can choose the best electronic parts Arduino or Raspberry in order to get the project done better

Magnetic properties of rare earth orthoferrites

The magnetic properties of several rare earth orthoferrites single crystal samples, RFeO3, were studied in this project. RFeO3 compounds show unique spin dynamics, such as reversal of spin (spin flip), spontaneous spin reorientation process and field-induced magnetic transitions. Understanding the exchange interactions behaviour of R-Fe ions through magnetic measurements improves our ability to manipulate spins, and that will be useful for emerging spintronic materials. The effect of R3+ ions on the magnetic moment of RFeO3 (NdFeO3, ErFeO3, YFeO3, HoFeO3) along b-axis (Mb) was studied in a wide temperature range. Mb was found to be non-zero generally below ~ 200 K with the highest Mb (~10–3 μB/f.u.) in the spin reorientation temperature region and below. This work refines previous measurements showing a very small but detectable non-zero Mb using magnetic measurements techniques. While neutron techniques do not have good enough sensitivity to detect this small Mb. The magnetic properties of RFeO3 single crystal doped with another type of rare earth can give more details about the Fe-R and R-R magnetic interactions. New features can be obtained through that doping, such as the twofold spin reorientation and spin phase transition with applied high fields. Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3 single crystal, a doped RFeO3 studied in this project, has two different types of R (Dy, Pr). The interaction R-R was found to be the strongest below their antiferromagnetic ordering temperatures of Dy3+ and Pr3+ (below 5 K). However, this interaction still happens even at higher temperatures (~15K). Below the ordering temperature of Dy3+ spins, the interaction between Dy3+ and Pr3+ spins has a significant effect on the magnetic moment of Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3. Measuring these samples along the crystalline a- and b-axes at temperatures below ~10 K display a fast increasing in a magnetic moment with cooling in small magnetic fields. The symmetry considerations cannot agree with that increasing of magnetic moment for these systems; so, it cannot be a spontaneous property of these crystals. Only polarization of rare earth spins by an external magnetic field can explain that increasing in moment

Magnetic Interaction between Pr\u3csup\u3e3+\u3c/sup\u3e and Dy\u3csup\u3e3+\u3c/sup\u3e Spins and Their Spin Transition Induced by Magnetic Field in a Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3 Single Crystal

2019 American Chemical Society. Rare-earth orthoferrites are receiving ever-increasing attention for their potential applications in magneto-optical switching, multiferroics, and novel physics originating from complicated interactions between magnetic rare-earth and iron ions. In this work, a Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3 single crystal was studied in comparison with DyFeO3 and PrFeO3 single crystals to ascertain the effects of interactions between rare-earth spins in Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3 on its magnetic properties. Dy3+ and Pr3+ spins do not behave as separate entities in Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3. The interaction between them was found to be the strongest below their antiferromagnetic ordering temperature. However, this interaction still persists to substantially higher temperatures. While the ordering temperature of Dy3+ spins is field-independent for DyFeO3, it becomes strongly field-dependent for Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3. External field produces field polarization of nonordered rare-earth spins below ∼25 K for all three systems. High-field-induced spin transition of rare-earth spins was observed for Dy0.5Pr0.5FeO3 when a large field H ≥ 3.5 T is oriented along the crystalline a-axis at temperatures below and above the ordering temperature of the rare-earth spins, while the Fe3+ spin structure was not affected. This is different from the field-induced spin reorientation of the Dy3+ spin structure in DyFeO3, which occurs only when Dy3+ spins are ordered. The complicated behavior of rare earths uncovered in this work further deepens the understanding of such a complex material system

Non-zero spontaneous magnetic moment along crystalline b-axis for rare earth orthoferrites

© 2020 Author(s). Rare earth orthoferrites demonstrate great application potentials in spintronics and optical devices due to their multiferroic and magnetooptical properties. In RFeO3, magnetic R3+ undergo a spontaneous spin reorientation in a temperature range determined by R (rare earth), where the magnetic structure changes from Γ2 to Γ4. The b-axis component of their magnetic moment, Mb, is reported in numerous neutron diffraction studies to remain zero at all temperatures. More sensitive magnetometer measurements reveal a small non-zero Mb, which is minute above ∼200 K. Mb increases with cooling and reaches values of ∼10-3 μB/f.u. at temperatures within or below the spin reorientation temperatures. Our results can be explained by assuming the Fe3+ spins as the origin of non-zero Mb, while R3+ spins suppress Mb. The representation analysis of point groups shows that non-zero Mb is associated with a small admixture of the Γ3 phase to Γ2 or Γ4. Such a mixing of the three magnetic phases requires at least a fourth order of the spin Hamiltonian for RFeO3 to describe the non-zero M

Biochar-based fertilizer: Supercharging root membrane potential and biomass yield of rice

2020 The Authors Biochar-based compound fertilizers (BCF) and amendments have proven to enhance crop yields and modify soil properties (pH, nutrients, organic matter, structure etc.) and are now in commercial production in China. While there is a good understanding of the changes in soil properties following biochar addition, the interactions within the rhizosphere remain largely unstudied, with benefits to yield observed beyond the changes in soil properties alone. We investigated the rhizosphere interactions following the addition of an activated wheat straw BCF at an application rates of 0.25% (g·g−1 soil), which could potentially explain the increase of plant biomass (by 67%), herbage N (by 40%) and P (by 46%) uptake in the rice plants grown in the BCF-treated soil, compared to the rice plants grown in the soil with conventional fertilizer alone. Examination of the roots revealed that micron and submicron-sized biochar were embedded in the plaque layer. BCF increased soil Eh by 85 mV and increased the potential difference between the rhizosphere soil and the root membrane by 65 mV. This increased potential difference lowered the free energy required for root nutrient accumulation, potentially explaining greater plant nutrient content and biomass. We also demonstrate an increased abundance of plant-growth promoting bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere. We suggest that the redox properties of the biochar cause major changes in electron status of rhizosphere soils that drive the observed agronomic benefits

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population