Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus among blood donors in Nyala, South Dar Fur, Sudan

The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and the possible risk factors among blood donors in Nyala, South Dar Fur State of western Sudan, which has never been studied before. A total of 400 male blood donors were tested for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies, (6.25%) were found reactive for HBsAg and (0.65%) were reactive for anti-HCV antibodies. The highest seroprevalence (30.8%) was found in those between 19-24 and 37-42 years for HBsAg, whereas it was (50%) in those between 31-36 years for anti-HCV antibodies. Unprotected sexual activities (20%) was the most apparent predisposing risk factor for both HBV and HCV seroreactors, followed by razor sharing (13.3%), parenteral drug injections (10%), history of migration to Egypt and alcoholism (6.6%) for each, tattooing and surgical procedures (3.3%) for each and (36.6%) were not aware for their condition. Serum alanine aminotansferase (ALT) was elevated in (30.7%) of HBV seroreactors and in (50%) of HCV seroreactors. Serum albumin was reduced in (23.1%) HBV and in (50%) HCV seroreactors. The study concluded that the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was in an intermediate and low rates respectively and unprotected sexual activities was the major risk factor for infection in the population studied

Numerical Solution and Stability for Model of Extensible Beam

In this paper, numerical methods (finite differences methods for explicit and implicit) has been applied, to solve nonlinear partial differential equations. In methodology, the beam was divided into very smaller squares, then the study discussed three partial differential equations generating from model. The first equation called longitudinal vibrations of a beam, second equation known as transverse vibrations of a beam and then the third equation considered the extensible beam. The equation of extensible beam was defined by Woiniwsky- Krieger as a model for transverse deflection of an extensible beam of natural length. The study discussed the stability of these models (longitudinal vibrations, transverse vibrations and extensible beams). The stability solution has been counted and considered unconditionally for implicit method, but it's conditional for an explicit method. Obtaining the stability and convergent solution for longitudinal vibrations of a beam if width divisions is less than length divisions (

Non-linear Behavior of Low Strength RC Beams Strengthened with CFRP Sheets

There are many modern technologies for strengthening concrete. One of them is Carbon Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (CFRP) sheets. There are many cases that require concrete strengthening, including the weakness of concrete from the design strength due to the exposure of the concrete elements to fires or less control of concrete quality. This research provides a theoretical study to analyze the behavior of low strength RC beams strengthened with CFRP sheets using ANSYS software. The research contained (75) RC beam model specimens. Six of them for verifying results with experimental tests. Forty five specimens were used for studying flexural behavior and twenty four beam models used for studying shear behavior. The study conducted with variable parameters includes CFRP thickness, concrete strength, the yield stress of steel, and the application of CFRP plies. The theoretical results were very similar to experimental test results. The results proved that strengthening RC beams is increasing load capacity and it is very effective in case of low yield stress of steel. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091670 Full Text: PD

MALARIA AND DEATH OF WOMEN OF CHILD- BEARING AGE IN KASSALA

A retrospective, community-based survey of reproductive age mortality in refugees, acute internally displaced people, slum dwellers and urban population in Kassala Province  Eastern Sudan. Slum dweller sector shows the highest reproductive age mortality rate 314/100,000 WRA, while urban sector shows the lowest rate 199/100,000 WRA. Maternal mortality rate is highest in IDP population and slum dwellers (168 & 126/100,000 WRA respectively) and lowest in urban population 47/100,000 WRA). Maternal mortality ratio is very high in slum dweller, IDP & refugee population (1,207, 1,192 and 914/100,000 live births respectively), and 367 per 100,000 live births in urban population. Malaria is the major cause of death in three sectors with exception of IDP where pregnancy related causes contribute to 70% of the deaths. This study shows the big toll of malaria on the health of females in child bearing age, the high discrepancy in reproductive age mortality and maternal mortality between different population sectors in the same location. It also discusses the causes of these deaths. &nbsp

Female Reproductive Age Mortality in in Kassala (Role of Malaria)

Objectives : To determine the mortality rates ,causes and contributing factors in women in reproductive age in Kassala Province. Setting: A refuge ,acute internally displaced people (IDP) camps, a town slums and an urban area, of total population of 214.100 in Kassala Province, East Sudan. Method: Community –based retrospective study ,using reproductive age mortality Survey (RAMOS) and verbal autopsy . Data was processed using SPSS for Windows Version11. Results: 121 deaths of female aged15-45 years, in four population sectors (refugees, IDP, slum dwellers & urban population) were identified. Slum dwellers show the highest reproductive age mortality rate 314/100,000women in reproductive age, while urban sector shows the lowest rate 199per 100,000WRA. Malaria is the major cause of death in three sectors with exception of IDP sector where pregnancy related causes contribute to 70% of death . Maternal mortality rate is highest in IDP population and slum dwellers(168&126 per100,000WRA)and lowest in urban population(47per 100,000WRA). Maternal mortality ratio is very high in slum dwellers, IDP and refugee population (1207,1192&914 per 100,000 live birth respectively),and 376 per100,000 live births in urban population. Malaria was found to be the major cause of indirect maternal deaths in all sectors. &nbsp

Seropositivity of Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus dual Infection among blood donors in Nyala Teaching Hospital

The aim of this study was to determine the seropositivity of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) dual infection among blood donors in Nyala Teaching Hospital, which is the biggest (400 beds) hospital in great Dar Fur of Western Sudan. 400 blood donors were tested serologically for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies. Only one (0.25%) out of the 400 examined blood donors was detected reactive for both HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies. The study concluded that the seropositivity of HBV and HCV dual infection among population studied is uncommon

A Pragmalinguistic - Assessment of Three Translations of the Meaning of the Qur'anic Reprehensible Moral Traits into English

The current study reports the results of a research that aimed markedly at probing the loss in rendering the meaning of the Qur'anic reprehensible moral traits into English, and how these a pragmalinguistic losses can be decreased minimally The study also aimed at identifying the causes of the intended pragmalinguistic losses. Three ayahs were purposefully selected to address the questions of the study . The results revealed that the pragmalinguistic loss in rendering the meaning of Qur'anic reprehensible moral traits into English occurred attribute to spectra of factors such as lack of equivalence and the translation strategies adopted by the three translators who respectively are'' Abdullah Yusuf Ali (The Meanings of the Glorious Quran), Muhammad Mahmoud Ghali.( Towards Understanding the Ever Glorious Quran) ,Mohammed Asad( The Message of the Quran). Last not the least the study suggests solutions for the identified problems. Keywords: reprehensible moral traits,, translation strategies translation loss, the Holy Quran,. DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/65-02 Publication date: February 29th 202

Zinc Status in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Gezira State (Central Sudan)

Introduction                   Sickle cell disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive manner. HbS differs from HbA in the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in the sixth position of the b-globin chain. Heterozygous state for the HbS gene. Comprises 25-45% of the total hemoglobin, the rest being Hb-A, Hb-A2 and Hb-F. .     Zinc status in children with sickle cell disease was determined in 1975, the finding, showed that there was  a significant decrease in zinc level in plasma, erythrocyte and hair. However, urinary zinc excretion was increased in sickle cell disease patients and is associated with decreased linear growth, skeletal growth, and muscle mass and sexual and skeletal maturation.  . Information regarding zinc status in sickle cell disease in Sudanese subjects is needed.             The objective of this study was to determine the zinc status in patients with sickle cell disease in addition to other related parameters including Haemoglobin level, total white blood cells count, sickling test, and identification of malaria parasite in the blood in the patients and control group. Anthropometric measurements including body weight, body height, and body mass index were also conducted. Study Design:             This is a case control study designed to study zinc status in patients with Sickle Cell Disease attending Wad Medani Paediatric Teaching Hospital in Gezira State.             Forty four patients diagnosed as sickle cell disease by clinical features and laboratory investigations (Hb Electrophoresis) were enrolled in this study. Fifty normal subjects were taken as control group. Patients with malnutrition and other diseases were excluded. Results In the present  study the mean of serum zinc concentration in the patients group(40.8 ±20 µg/dl) was significantly lower than  control group (55.3 ±32.4 µg/dl) (P < 0.05). Haemoglobin concentration in patients (6.6 ± 0.9 g/dl) was significantly lower (P< 0.001) compared to control group (11.1±2.1 g/dl).  The result of this study also showed that the values of  TWBCs count for the patients group (16150 ± 8196 cell / µL) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) compared to control group (5750 ± 3537 cell / µL ). The mean body weight (16.3 ± 8.2 kg), body height (103 ± 26 cm), and BMIs (14.5 ± 1.9) in the patients were significantly lower compared to control group (23.7 ± 8.0 kg), (120 ± 17 cm), (16.1 ± 3.2) respectively  (P < 0.001). All patients showed negative blood film for malaria parasite with the exception of only one subject, while three subjects of control group showed positive blood film for malaria parasite Conclusion Zinc status in patients with sickle cell disease in central Sudan is significantly lower than that of control group. Patients had lower hemoglobin level, lower body weight and height, and higher total white blood cell count than control group. All patients showed negative blood film for malaria parasite with exception of only one subject, while three subjects of control group showed positive blood film for malaria parasite. Because of low zinc level in patients with sickle cell disease, zinc supplementation is recommended. Further studies are needed to see its effect on the different parameters &nbsp

Impact of Packet Inter-arrival Time Features for Online Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Classification

Identification of bandwidth-heavy Internet traffic is important for network administrators to throttle high-bandwidth application traffic. Flow features based classification have been previously proposed as promising method to identify Internet traffic based on packet statistical features. The selection of statistical features plays an important role for accurate and timely classification. In this work, we investigate the impact of packet inter-arrival time feature for online P2P classification in terms of accuracy, Kappa statistic and time. Simulations were conducted using available traces from University of Brescia, University of Aalborg and University of Cambridge. Experimental results show that the inclusion of inter-arrival time (IAT) as an online feature increases simulation time and decreases classification accuracy and Kappa statistic