Investigation of Consumer Attitude Impacting Parameters in Online Shopping

The bulk of customer purchases are impacted by their assessment of the product's benefits and drawbacks as well as its emotional aspects. Research in psychology and marketing has confirmed that customer emotions are involved at various points in the buying process. The current study aims to identify the aspects and factors that may influence customers' emotions when they buy high-end cosmetics. In order to identify the different facets of customer emotions, a qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviews with 23 customers of high-end cosmetics and health products in Telegram groups was first conducted. This investigation resulted in the discovery of numerous client emotional dimensions as well as a list of variables that may serve as emotional antecedents in the target audience. The next step is determining the factors influencing customer sentiments based on group consensus. 15 professionals and experts in marketing, psychology, corporations importing luxury cosmetics and hygiene products who are active on online networks, and managers of luxury cosmetics and hygiene groups in online spaces made up the panel at this point. In three steps, the consensus of experts was obtained, and 36 elements influencing customers' emotions were identified and graded based on the applicability or strength of the perceived effect in the experts' eyes. These were then divided into three groups: situational variables, group and product variables, and individual variables

Effects of psychological factors on customer behavior in e-transactions

Considering the significance of customer behavior in buying and selling goods and services and with an emphasis on our daily experiences in the market for understanding the concepts and theories in this regard, in this study, we aim to investigate the customer behavior in order to analyze its effective and relevant factors. The perception of acquisition, utilization, rejection of the product and the familiarity with the customer behavior helps the company improve its marketing strategies. Customer behavior is affected by his/her reflections and perceptions. Customer behavior includes his/her ideas and the product or service. Considering the increasing number of Internet users and digital sale points, the effective factors in online shopping, the interaction with the e-purchasers and the creation of a safe environment for the users, important points in customer behavior, and effective factors in creating the mental structure of the customer, the digital environment and effective factors in e-commerce environments are investigated

Impact of Surface Morphology on Arcing Induced Erosion of CuW Contacts in Gas Circuit Breakers

In this paper, the impact of surface morphology of contacts, in particular different microstructural parameters like size and distribution of contact ingredients, on contact erosion in high voltage gas circuit breaker is investigated. It is demonstrated that the size and contiguity of copper and tungsten zones play a key role in contact erosion so that the mass loss in one specific contact after interruption of the rated short-circuit current is 2.5 times higher than that of another one, with the same dimensions and material composition. It is shown that the arc roots tend to be formed on larger copper zones and if the zones are not confined by tungsten area, the arc cross section expands resulting in a higher evaporation rate of copper areas. In addition, it is emphasized that ejection of tungsten particles after evaporation of surrounding copper areas is another mechanism leading to more contact erosion, which has to be taken into consideration in contact erosion modeling along with molten contact splash and vaporization

Online Assessment of Contact Erosion in High Voltage Gas Circuit Breakers based on different Physical Quantities

In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate the online condition of arc contacts as a vital component of interruption chamber in high voltage puffer type SF6 circuit breakers. The relationship between eroded mass caused by short-circuit current interruption and different thermal stress indices such as transferred electrical charge, current squared, and arc energy is investigated, by performing many experiments with different current amplitudes and arcing times. It is demonstrated that none of the known indices can solely determine mass erosion caused by the current interruption. Therefore, the equations including two of defined parameters are proposed to evaluate mass erosion. The method using arc energy and transferred electrical charge owns the highest accuracy in evaluating mass loss. However, considering the complexity of arc voltage measurements, a second method using current and arcing time can be also utilized. In addition, the development of erosion during the lifetime of arc contacts is studied. It is shown that arc roots tend to form on new uneroded areas of the contacts during current interruption, resulting in different erosion rates between the first few and subsequent interruptions due to change of morphology of the contacts after the first few switching operations

Online Assessment of Contact Erosion in High Voltage Gas Circuit Breakers based on different Physical Quantities

In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate the online condition of arc contacts as a vital component of interruption chamber in high voltage puffer type SF6 circuit breakers. The relationship between eroded mass caused by shortcircuit current interruption and different thermal stress indices such as transferred electrical charge, current squared, and arc energy is investigated, by performing many experiments with different current amplitudes and arcing times. It is demonstrated that none of the known indices can solely determine mass erosion caused by the current interruption. Therefore, the equations including two of defined parameters are proposed to evaluate mass erosion. The method using arc energy and transferred electrical charge owns the highest accuracy in evaluating mass loss. However, considering the complexity of arc voltage measurements, a second method using current and arcing time can be also utilized. In addition, the development of erosion during the lifetime of arc contacts is studied. It is shown that arc roots tend to form on new uneroded areas of the contacts during current interruption, resulting in different erosion rates between the first few and subsequent interruptions due to change of morphology of the contacts after the first few switching operations

Online non‐invasive evaluation of arcing time for condition assessment of high‐voltage gas circuit breakers

Online non‐invasive methods to assess circuit breaker condition have been under consideration in recent years. The combination of the arcing time and the short‐circuit current recorded by protective relays can be utilized to assess the degrading impact of current interruption on arcing contacts. In many previous investigations, an integral over arcing time of different functions of current and voltage has been proposed to predict the erosion rate of arcing contacts. Although the arcing time is a crucial parameter for these indices, no easily adaptable method to online condition assessment is available. This paper proposes a method for online determination of arcing time based on the measurement of the switching time of the auxiliary contacts. Several experiments have been performed under no‐load conditions as well as during short‐circuit current interruption, on two circuit breakers with different trip coil excitations (AC and DC). The results show that the delay time between the contact separation instant of the arcing contacts and the switching time of the auxiliary contacts has a very low jitter. This enables precise determination of the arcing time by measurement of the switching time of the auxiliary contacts, which is accessible during the online operation of circuit breakers