The Antiinfluenza Virus Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Olive Leaves

Abstract The influenza viruses are major etiologic agents of human respiratory infections, and inflict a sizable health and economic burden. This study examines the antiinfluenza virus activity of hydroalcoholic extract of olive leaves (OLHE). Olive leaves were collected from gardens around the city of Shiraz, characterized, dried, ground to powder, and its hydroalcoholic extract was prepared. The influenza viruses were isolated from patients and characterized by standard antiinfluenza sera. Virucidal effects of OLHE (10 -1 to 10 3 μg/ml) were examined in pretreatment, treatment and incubation protocols using quantal assay after incubation for 72 h. All experiments were performed three times in quadruplicates. Pretreatment of the cell line with OLHE for one hour followed by the addition of the virus was associated with virucidal effects (1 to 1000 μg/ml). OLHE added one hour after incubation of the virus with cell did not show antiviral effects. OLHE incubated with the virus for one hour, and then added to the cell line did have antiviral activity (1 to 1000 μg/ml). The findings indicate that antiviral activity of OLHE occurred extracellularly, probably by changing the properties of membrane of the virus, rather than that of the cell, to prevent the virus from attaching and penetrating the cell line

Deciding on a combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs.

Patients being treated for atrial fibrillation may develop cardiovascular disease before or after the onset of their heart rhythm problem, and may require a combination of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. This article describes the evidence for the combinations used to treat acute coronary syndrome in patients with atrial fibrillation. </jats:p

The Antiinfluenza Virus Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Olive Leaves: Antiviral activity of olive leave extract

The influenza viruses are major etiologic agents of human respiratory infections, and inflict a sizable health and economic burden. This study examines theantiinfluenza virus activity of hydroalcoholic extract of olive leaves (OLHE). Olive leaves were collected from gardens around the city of Shiraz, characterized, dried, ground to powder, and its hydroalcoholic extract was prepared. The influenza viruses were isolated from patients and characterized by standard antiinfluenza sera. Virucidal effects of OLHE (10-1 to 103 μg/ml) were examined in pretreatment, treatment and incubation protocols using quantal assay after incubation for 72 h. All experiments were performed three times in quadruplicates. Pretreatment of the cell line with OLHE for one hour followed by the addition of the virus was associated with virucidal effects (1 to 1000 μg/ml). OLHE added one hour after incubation of the virus with cell did not show antiviral effects. OLHE incubated with the virus for one hour, and then added to the cell line did have antiviral activity (1 to 1000 μg/ml). The findings indicate that antiviral activity of OLHE occurred extracellularly, probably by changing the properties of membrane of the virus, rather than that of the cell, to prevent the virus from attaching and penetrating the cell line

MHC class I dimer formation by alteration of the cellular redox environment and induction of apoptosis.

Many MHC class I molecules contain unpaired cysteine residues in their cytoplasmic tail domains, the function of which remains relatively uncharacterized. Recently, it has been shown that in the small secretory vesicles known as exosomes, fully folded MHC class I dimers can form through a disulphide bond between the cytoplasmic tail domain cysteines, induced by the low levels of glutathione in these extracellular vesicles. Here we address whether similar MHC class I dimers form in whole cells by alteration of the redox environment. Treatment of the HLA-B27-expressing Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell line Jesthom, and the leukaemic T-cell line CEM transfected with HLA-B27 with the strong oxidant diamide, and the apoptosis-inducing and glutathione-depleting agents hydrogen peroxide and thimerosal, induced MHC class I dimers. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis by cross-linking FasR/CD95 on CEM cells with monoclonal antibody CH-11 also induced MHC class I dimers. As with exosomal MHC class I dimers, the formation of these structures on cells is controlled by the cysteine at position 325 in the cytoplasmic tail domain of HLA-B27. Therefore, the redox environment of cells intimately controls induction of MHC class I dimers, the formation of which may provide novel structures for recognition by the immune system