Porcine Alveolar Macrophage Responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacterial Components in Innate Immunity

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are important in the regulation of innate immune responses in the lung through their phagocytosis and the production of a variety of compounds, like cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). Newborn animals are known to manifest increased susceptibility to pulmonary infection, and thus we hypothesize that this may due in part to a deficiency in the function of AMs. To dissect the age-related immune responses, AMs were isolated from 5 (newborn), 40 (post-weaned) and 120 (young) day old pigs, and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokine mRNA and protein was assayed by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. We report here that AM cells were relatively less abundant in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in newborn piglets and their phagocytic capacity to Escherichia coli was lower than those of young pigs (P<0.05). LPS inducible mRNA for TLR-4, LBP, CD-14 and MyD-88 had higher expression in newborn piglets compared with those of young pigs (P<0.05) in a time-dependent manner. The kinetics results showed that AMs from newborn piglets were significantly less capable of producing IL1-β, IL-6, IL-12β, TNF-α, IL-8 and GM-CSF than post-weaned piglets or young pigs. In contrast, IL-10 was significantly higher in newborn piglets. The reasons for differences in cytokine production may reflect maturation of immune cells which indicate functional differences of cell population and may underlay the enhanced susceptibility of early born animals to pulmonary infections. Only very low levels of NO were detected in young pigs. Future investigations in more animals and across a wider age range are recommended. Furthermore, in another study, AMs were incubated for 24 h with various concentrations of LPS, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), LPS plus LTA or control. Overall, compared to LPS, LTA was a relatively weak inducer in releasing cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Co-stimulation augmented TLR-2, CD-14 and MyD-88 mRNA, and subsequently produced elevated levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8 when compared to LPS and LTA alone. Additionally, phagocytosis of macrophages was significantly increased following low concentration of LPS treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that during pulmonary infections, an exacerbated inflammatory response may occur inducing the enhanced release of cytokines. The mechanism underlying the synergistic up-regulation of TLRs-associated genes and inflammatory cytokines by combined stimulation is of concern

Wave Dynamics and Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer of Falling Liquid Film

application/pdf学位論文(Thesis)thesi

Study on baseline characteristics and lipid profile abnormalities among type 2 diabetic patients attending urban diabetic care hospital, Bangladesh

Background: Altered levels of serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile are prevalent in patients having type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between serum HbA1c and lipid profile in T2DM to predict diabetic dyslipidemia.Methods: A structured questionnaire was filled up by each study subject to collect data according to study protocol including age, gender, BMI, BP, residential status, socio-economic status, educational status, physical activity, dietary habit, smoking and duration of diabetes. We collected blood samples from 270 type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients aged 30-65 years after overnight fasting (10-12 hours). Then blood samples collected from T2DM patients were used to measure serum levels of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were estimated by standard laboratory methods.Results: In this study, increased levels of fasting blood glucose (8.61 mmo/l), HbA1c (7.86%), TC (226.15 mg/dl), TG (193.34 mg/dl) and LDL (147.37 mg/dl), and decreased levels of HDL (40.36 mg/dl) were observed in T2DM patients. Moreover, the strong positive correlation of HbA1c levels with FBG, TC, TG, and LDL levels were found in this study. Besides, a very strong and significant negative correlation (R2=0.1822) between the serum levels of HbA1c and HDL were noted in this study.Conclusions: This study revealed a strong correlation between dyslipidemia and serum levels of HbA1c in T2DM patients

Participation of rural women in activities related to homestead vegetable cultivation at Monirampur upazila under Jessore district

The main purposes of the study were to assess the extent of participation of rural women in homestead vegetable cultivation at Monirampur upazila under Jessore district and to explore the relationship between each of the selected characteristics of the rural women and their extent of participation in homestead vegetable cultivation. The study was limited within three selected villages namely, Nehalpur and Panchakori of Nehalpur union and Jhanpa of Jhanpa union. Data were collected from randomly selected 60 respondents during the period of 04 September to 17 October, 2016. Appropriate scales were used to measure the variables of the study. Correlation(s) test was used to ascertain the relationships between the concerned independent variables and dependent variable. About half (48.3 percent) of the rural women had low to medium participation in vegetable cultivation compared to 3.34 percent having high participation. Considering broadly selected 6-aspects of homestead vegetable cultivation, the rural women’s participation was highest in seedbed preparation and raising of seedlings, while it was lowest in case of intercultural operation. In case of 26-issues, the most dominant area of rural women’s participation was seed collection while it was least in case of training. Only age out of eleven selected characteristics had the significant positive relationship with their participation in homestead vegetable cultivation. It might be concluded from the gist findings that, the participation of women in homestead vegetable production is still not satisfactory and necessary steps concerning extension approach should be taken to increase the vegetable production by ensuring barrier-free participatio

Participation of rural women in activities related to homestead vegetable cultivation at Monirampur upazila under Jessore district

The main purposes of the study were to assess the extent of participation of rural women in homestead vegetable cultivation at Monirampur upazila under Jessore district and to explore the relationship between each of the selected characteristics of the rural women and their extent of participation in homestead vegetable cultivation. The study was limited within three selected villages namely, Nehalpur and Panchakori of Nehalpur union and Jhanpa of Jhanpa union. Data were collected from randomly selected 60 respondents during the period of 04 September to 17 October, 2016. Appropriate scales were used to measure the variables of the study. Correlation(s) test was used to ascertain the relationships between the concerned independent variables and dependent variable. About half (48.3 percent) of the rural women had low to medium participation in vegetable cultivation compared to 3.34 percent having high participation. Considering broadly selected 6-aspects of homestead vegetable cultivation, the rural women’s participation was highest in seedbed preparation and raising of seedlings, while it was lowest in case of intercultural operation. In case of 26-issues, the most dominant area of rural women’s participation was seed collection while it was least in case of training. Only age out of eleven selected characteristics had the significant positive relationship with their participation in homestead vegetable cultivation. It might be concluded from the gist findings that, the participation of women in homestead vegetable production is still not satisfactory and necessary steps concerning extension approach should be taken to increase the vegetable production by ensuring barrier-free participatio

Spatial Co-integration and Speed of Adjustment among Rice Markets in Bangladesh

The structure of co-integration, the pace of adjustment, and the causal markets are investigated using horizontal price integration among five main rice markets in Bangladesh. The null hypotheses were tested using Johansen and Juselius co-integration test and vector error correction model. In Bangladesh, wholesale price volatility in the rice sector has been rising over time. The findings of the study revealed that the rice markets in Bangladesh are perfectly cointegrated. The leading rice markets are Chattagram and Rajshahi, while Khulna is the price taker, which adjusts prices with all other rice markets. Any price shock in the Chattagram and Rajshahi markets takes one to two months for other markets to adjust. The findings also illustrate the value of steering policy efforts in Bangladesh rice markets toward reducing price instability and improving pricing efficiency

A Survey of Network Requirements for Enabling Effective Cyber Deception

In the evolving landscape of cybersecurity, the utilization of cyber deception has gained prominence as a proactive defense strategy against sophisticated attacks. This paper presents a comprehensive survey that investigates the crucial network requirements essential for the successful implementation of effective cyber deception techniques. With a focus on diverse network architectures and topologies, we delve into the intricate relationship between network characteristics and the deployment of deception mechanisms. This survey provides an in-depth analysis of prevailing cyber deception frameworks, highlighting their strengths and limitations in meeting the requirements for optimal efficacy. By synthesizing insights from both theoretical and practical perspectives, we contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the network prerequisites crucial for enabling robust and adaptable cyber deception strategies