The nucleus locus coeruleus modulatory effect on memory formation: A literature review

The nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of norepinephrine in the brain, is connected to memory processing regions such as the hippocampus and baso-lateral amygdala (BLA). The LC and its mostly associated noradrenergic projections, play an important role in memory formation parallel to other neurotransmitter systems. It has been suggested that the unique response characteristics of LC to various situations strengthens different memories formation. Here, we review key related findings of LC effect on memory (avoidance, spatial, cognitive) formation, memory processing regions, memory molecular mechanisms as well as its role in memory related disorders. Literature review was conducted by extensive search on ISI, PubMed and Scopus, online databases from May 2021 to July 2021. According to the obtained results, LC noradrenergic projections to memory processing areas of the brain, can modulate the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval for different memory types. Also, the LC regulates neurogenesis and neural plasticity in different areas of the brain. Evidences suggested that dysfunction of the LC and its associated noradrenergic system may lead to cognitive impairment or a variety of memory-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Finally, it can be concluded that the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system may be a suitable target for the treatment of different memory/cognitive disorders

Complexity of Computing the Anti-Ramsey Numbers for Paths

The anti-Ramsey numbers are a fundamental notion in graph theory, introduced in 1978, by Erd\" os, Simonovits and S\' os. For given graphs $G$ and $H$ the \emph{anti-Ramsey number} $\textrm{ar}(G,H)$ is defined to be the maximum number $k$ such that there exists an assignment of $k$ colors to the edges of $G$ in which every copy of $H$ in $G$ has at least two edges with the same color. There are works on the computational complexity of the problem when $H$ is a star. Along this line of research, we study the complexity of computing the anti-Ramsey number $\textrm{ar}(G,P_k)$, where $P_k$ is a path of length $k$. First, we observe that when $k = \Omega(n)$, the problem is hard; hence, the challenging part is the computational complexity of the problem when $k$ is a fixed constant. We provide a characterization of the problem for paths of constant length. Our first main contribution is to prove that computing $\textrm{ar}(G,P_k)$ for every integer $k>2$ is NP-hard. We obtain this by providing several structural properties of such coloring in graphs. We investigate further and show that approximating $\textrm{ar}(G,P_3)$ to a factor of $n^{-1/2 - \epsilon}$ is hard already in $3$-partite graphs, unless P=NP. We also study the exact complexity of the precolored version and show that there is no subexponential algorithm for the problem unless ETH fails for any fixed constant $k$. Given the hardness of approximation and parametrization of the problem, it is natural to study the problem on restricted graph families. We introduce the notion of color connected coloring and employing this structural property. We obtain a linear time algorithm to compute $\textrm{ar}(G,P_k)$, for every integer $k$, when the host graph, $G$, is a tree

Can chemical burns lead to autoimmune gastritis in the long term?

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Bioinformatics as an efficient tool and approach for burn wound healing

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Phenotypic and Genotypic Evaluation of Resistance to Fluoroquinolones in Klebsiella pneumoniae Collected from Hospitalized Patients in Sari, Iran

Background and purpose: Antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to quinolones is a serious concern in treatment of nosocomial infections. There are limited reports on the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in K. pneumoniae clinical isolates from Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and also the frequency of qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes among K. pneumoniae isolates collected from hospitalized patients in Sari, Iran. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, bacterial isolates were identified by conventional methods and biochemical tests. Resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics was evaluated by disk diffusion method. After resistance assessment, amplification of qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes in isolates was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: We analyzed 90 isolates and the antibiotic resistance of fluoroquinolone included: nalidixic acid (55%), ciprofloxacin (36%), ofloxacin (31%), levofloxacin (29%), and norfloxacin (22%). The PCR showed that 47 (52%), 22 (25%), and 21(23%) isolates harbored qnrB, qnrA, and qnrS genes, respectively. Conclusion: The outbreak of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) leads to expand and increases bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones. Therefore, continuous monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity patterns of K. pneumoniae strains to these agents is necessary

Lateral habenula deep brain stimulation alleviates depression-like behaviors and reverses the oscillatory pattern in the nucleus accumbens in an animal model of depression

Depression is a series of symptoms that influence mood, thinking, and behavior and create unpleasant emotions like hopelessness and apathy. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects 30 % of depression patients despite the availability of several non-invasive therapies. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a novel therapy for TRD. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of LHb-DBS by recording local field potentials (LFP) and conducting behavioral experiments.Thirty-two mature male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, chronic mild stress (CMS), CMS+DBS, and DBS. After surgery and electrode placement in the lateral habenula (LHb), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and prelimbic cortex (PrL), the CMS protocol was applied for 3 weeks to create depression-like models. The open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and forced swim test (FST) were also performed. In the DBS groups, the LHb area was stimulated for four consecutive days. Finally, on the 22nd day, LFP was recorded from the NAc and PrL and analyzed using MATLAB software. Analyzing the findings using ANOVA and P-values ≤ 0.05 was considered.LHb-DBS alleviated depression-like behaviors in chronic moderate stress model rats (P ≤ 0.05). Three weeks of CMS enhanced almost all band powers in the NAc, while LHb-DBS decreased the power of the theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands in the NAc (P ≤ 0.05), and the low-gamma band in the PrL. CMS also boosted the NAc-PrL coherence in low-frequency bands, while LHb-DBS increased beta and low gamma band coherence (P ≤ 0.05).In sum, the results of the present study showed that depression enhances low-frequency coherence between NAc and PrL cortex. Depression also potentiates many brain oscillations in the NAc, which can be mainly reversed by LHb-DBS

Can the microbiome affect human reproductive function?

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Upregulated shared genes of IL1RN and SOCS3: Identification of a genetic connection key and proinflammatory cytokine regulator between burns and Crohn's disease

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