Effect of chlorpromazine on intact and irradiated aliquot ctdsDNA samples

Bagkground:Chlorpromazine is widely used in human medicine in the therapy of schizophrenia, organic psychosis and the manic phase of manic depressive illness. It expressed a selective cytotoxicity and the results of genotoxicity were positive. Objectives: This study is designed to explore the effect of chlorpromazine on irradiated and non irradiated calf thymus double strands DNA (ctdsDNA) molecule. Methods: Aliquots of irradiated (subjected to UVB light) and non-radiated ctdsDNA samples were incubatyed with different concentrations of chlorpromazine. Further series of experiments studied the simultaneous effects of chlorpromazine and UVB light on aliquots of ctdsDNA, The changes in optic densities of ctdsDNA aliquots were mointered and recorded bu UVspectrophotometer at 260 nm. Results: Chlorpromazine exerts dual effects on non-radiated ctdsDNA aliquots represented by hyperchromasia and hypochromasia in regard to its concentration. It potentiates the effect of UVB radiation on ctdsDNA molecules. Its effect is differed in respect to the radiation status. Conclusion: chlorpromazine exerts several effects on aliquot ctdsDNA samples which are related to the nature of DNA molecule as well as to the concentration of chlorpromazine.Also chlorpromazine potentiates the hyperchromasic effect of UVB radiation on aliquot ctdsDNA samples but it produces completely damage of DNA molecule when the aliquot ctdsDNA samples irradiated in presence of chlorpromazine

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020