Розвиток поглядів про взаємозв'язок війни і миру, про «право народів» у елліністично-римській соціально-філософській думці

Античные мыслители лишь затронули вопрос об общем и вечном мире (в форме мечты, философского идеала идеального и гармонического государства), не находя способов примирения противоборствующих сторон, средств решения внутренних и внешних конфликтов.Античні мислителі лише порушили питання про загальний і вічний мир (у формі мрії, філософського ідеалу ідеальної і гармонічної держави), не знаходячи способів примирення протиборчих сторін, засобів вирішення внутрішніх і зовнішніх конфліктів

Characterization of Seafood Proteins Causing Allergic Diseases

[Extract] Food allergy is increasing at a faster rate than any other allergic disorder (Gupta et al., 2007). In the last few decades, a large movement toward healthier eating makes seafood one of the major foods consumed worldwide (Wild & Lehrer, 2005). Consequently, the international trade of seafood has been growing rapidly, which reflects the popularity and frequency of consumption worldwide. The United States has become the third largest consumer of seafood in the world, with 1.86 billion kg of crustaceans in 2007 (6.04 kg/capita/year)(Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2007). Since seafood ingestion can cause severe acute hypersensitivity reactions and is recognized as one of the most common food allergies, the increased production and consumption of seafood has resulted in more frequent health problems (Lopata & Lehrer, 2009; Lopata et al., 2010). Exposure to seafood can cause a variety of health problems, including gastrointestinal disorders, urticaria, immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated asthma and anaphylaxis (Bang et al., 2005; Lopata & Lehrer, 2009; Malo & Cartier, 1993; Sicherer et al., 2004; Wild & Lehrer, 2005)

Relationship between serum omega-3 fatty acid and asthma endpoints

Recent studies have highlighted the potential protective role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in asthma. This study aimed at determining the association between seafood intake, serum PUFA composition and clinical endpoints of asthma in adults. A cross-sectional study of 642 subjects used the European Committee Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire, skin prick tests, spirometry and methacholine challenge tests following ATS guidelines. Sera was analysed for n-3 and n-6 PUFA composition. Subjects had a mean age of 34 years, were largely female (65%) and 51% were current smokers. While 99% reported fish consumption, rock lobster, mussels, squid and abalone were also consumed less frequently. The prevalence of asthma symptoms was 11%, current asthma (ECRHS definition) was 8% and non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (NSBH) was much higher (26%) In adjusted models the n-3 PUFAs 20:5 (EPA) and 22:5 (DPA) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of having NSBH. Total n-3 PUFA composition was associated with decreased NSBH risk (OR = 0.92), while high n-6 PUFA composition was associated with an increased risk (OR = 1.14)

Occupational allergies in seafood-processing workers

Global increased demand for seafood and its products has been associated with a concomitant rise in fishing, aquaculture, and processing activities. This increased harvesting of seafood is associated with more frequent reporting of allergic health problems among seafood processors. This review outlines the high-risk working populations, work processes, as well as host and environmental exposure risk factors for occupational respiratory and skin allergies. It also provides insights into the major and minor allergens as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated. Diagnostic and preventive approaches are outlined in managing work-related allergy associated with seafood processing

Environmental determinants of work-related asthma symptoms on table grape farms: indoor domestic mites or outdoor spider mites?

It is well recognised that domestic mites are an important cause of allergy and asthma worldwide. Among the domestic mites, both house-dust mites and storage mites have been implicated in causing allergic symptoms among both farming and non-farming populations, despite farmers showing relatively lower prevalences of sensitisation to most common inhalants. In the occupational context, house-dust mites have been implicated in causing allergic symptoms and asthma among woodworkers, avian mites among poultry workers and storage mites among bakery and grain mill workers. More recently, outdoor mites such as spider mites have emerged as an impor- tant allergen, causing allergic diseases, including asthma, among farming as well as non-farming populations. The farming population is unique in that domestic and outdoor mites may both be important sources of allergens as most workers work and live on the farm, thereby blurring the distinction between occupational and non-occupational factors that contribute towards allergic symptoms and asthma

Asthma and allergy to animals

[Extract] Human society has benefited from the use of other species from the animal kingdom for as long as we have records, dating from before the drawings of hunted beasts in the caves of Lascaux. We use animals as food for ourselves and for other animals, for products such as wool, leather, enzymes, hormones, and fertilizers, and, over the past 60 years, as surrogates for humans in laboratory studies of disease mechanisms associated with exposures. Interestingly, such close contact with these biological materials has triggered allergic disease and asthma in exposed workers; laboratory and farm animals, insects, and seafood species are important etiologic agents. This chapter covers the occupations, allergens, and co-exposures encountered in each of these three categories, and defines the typical clinical presentation, along with the best methods of diagnosis and management. Taking a step back from the clinical vantage point, we will consider the epidemiology of these allergic occupational diseases, including incidence, prevalence, risk factors, and modifiers. We will review existing surveillance programs that include medical monitoring, exposure measurements, and industry or nation-wide data collection. Steps aimed at prevention include understanding the intensity and patterns of exposure that lead to disease, such that exposure can be intelligently managed to reduce rates of allergy and asthma. Study of these exposures and allergic diseases provides important insights into the onset and natural progression of allergic disease, as well as a view into the elusive process of tolerance

Relationship between Pesticide Metabolites, Cytokine Patterns, and Asthma-Related Outcomes in Rural Women Workers

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between exposure to organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides with serum cytokine patterns and asthma-related outcomes among rural women workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among rural women (n = 211), including those working and living on farms and nearby town dwellers. Pesticide exposure was assessed using urinary metabolite concentrations of OP and PYR pesticides. Health outcome assessment was ascertained through the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and serum cytokines associated with asthma. The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was 11%, adult-onset asthma 9%, and current asthma 6%. In this population, the proportion of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) detectable in subjects was between 18% and 40%, while the proportion of non-Th2 cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and interferon gamma) was between 35% and 71%. Most Th2 and non-Th2 cytokines were positively associated with either OP or PYR metabolites. Non-Th2 cytokines showed much stronger associations with OP metabolites (Dimethyl phosphate OR = 4.23; 95% CI: 1.54–11.65) than Th2 cytokines (Dimethyl phosphate OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 0.83–3.46). This study suggests that exposure to most OP and some PYR pesticides may be associated with asthma-related cytokines, with non-Th2 cytokines demonstrating consistently stronger relationships

Factors Associated with Persistent Lower Respiratory Symptoms or Asthma among Residents Exposed to a Sulphur Stockpile Fire Incident

Introduction: Residents of Macassar, South Africa, were exposed to sulphur dioxide vapours (SO2) caused by an ignited sulphur stockpile, which produced peak hourly SO2 levels of 20–200 ppm. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with persistent lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) or asthma six years after acute exposure to high SO2 levels. Methods: A case-control study of residents that presented for a health evaluation six years after the incident was conducted. Survey instruments included a questionnaire, clinical examination and medical record review by an expert panel. A “case” was defined as a resident with persistent LRS/asthma. The Industrial Source Complex Short Term Model (ISCST 3) was used to predict time-averaged hourly SO2 levels. Results: A previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was associated with persistent LRS/asthma (ORudj: 3.49, CI: 1.46–8.35). Cases were more likely to report chest tightness (ORudj: 9.93; CI: 5.15–19.11) at the time of the incident. Peak exposure at hour 15 was associated with persistent LRS/asthma (ORadj: 1.04; CI: 1.01–1.07). Conclusion: LRS/asthma persisted in some individuals six years after acute SO2 exposure. Aside from peak exposures, initial chest tightness and a previous history of PTB were the strong predictors of persistent LRS/asthma

Work-related allergy and asthma in spice mill workers – the impact of processing dried spices on IgE reactivity patterns

Background: Three spice mill workers developed work-related allergy and asthma after prolonged exposure to high levels (>10 mg/m3) of inhalable spice dust. Patterns of sensitization to a variety of spices and putative allergens were identified. Methods: Work-related allergy and asthma were assessed on history, clinical evaluation, pulmonary function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Specific IgE reactivity to a range of common inhalant, food and spice allergens was evaluated using ImmunoCAP and allergen microarray. The presence of non-IgE-mediated reactions was determined by basophil stimulation (CAST-ELISA). Specific allergens were identified by immunoblotting to extracts of raw and dried processed garlic, onion and chili pepper. Results: Asthma was confirmed in all 3 subjects, with work-related patterns prominent in worker 1 and 3. Sensitization to multiple spices and pollen was observed in both atopic workers 1 and 2, whereas garlic and chili pepper sensitization featured in all 3 workers. Microarray analysis demonstrated prominent profilin reactivity in atopic worker 2. Immunoblotting demonstrated a 50-kDa cross-reactive allergen in garlic and onion, and allergens of approximately 40 and 52 kDa in chili pepper. Dry powdered garlic and onion demonstrated greater IgE binding. Conclusions: This study demonstrated IgE reactivity to multiple spice allergens in workers exposed to high levels of inhalable spice dust. Processed garlic and onion powder demonstrated stronger IgE reactivity than the raw plant. Atopy and polysensitization to various plant profilins, suggesting pollen-food syndrome, represent additional risk factors for sensitizer-induced work-related asthma in spice mill workers

Disease Occurrence and Risk Factors.

International audienceThe determinants of disease are usually considered under two broad headings—environmental and host factors. In the context of work-related asthma, all exposures encountered in the workplace, whether gaseous or airborne particulates of chemical or biological origin, physical stressors, or factors related to workplace organization are of interest as they are considered to be either the main cause of occupational asthma (OA). The increase in the frequency of OA among work-related lung diseases recognized by workers’ compensation boards and surveillance systems in Europe and North America occurred over a period (1970–1990). If the diagnostic procedures for occupational diseases can be standardized well with national guidelines, the data within the system can be reasonably comparable over time. Socioeconomic Status (SES), environmental, and lifestyle conditions may play an important role in asthma. SES is associated with various well-known asthma risk factors such as occupation and some lifestyle factors