Comprensión lectora: baterías y técnicas para su evaluación

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Primària. Codi: MP1040. Curs acadèmic: 2016/2017En la actualidad, la lectura es el proceso por el cual, el ser humano adquiere conocimiento, contrasta información o plasma sus propios pensamientos. Por ello, la competencia lectora es la capacidad para dar sentido a los textos y para usarlos con diferentes finalidades. Para dicha adquisición de conocimientos mediante los diferentes tipos de textos, el ser humano tiene que tener una desarrollada competencia lectora, puesto que, si existen deficiencias en algún proceso de la competencia: descifrado de letras, comprensión o en el procesamiento. El lector tendrá dificultades para exprimir toda la información posible de un texto. Para evitar esas deficiencias, es muy importante, no pasar por alto la enseñanza de todos los procesos cognitivos que intervienen en la lectura. Estando pendientes para prevenir cualquier dificultad y corregirla antes de que el alumno/a se incorpore a la educación secundaria. Puesto que, en un centro secundario no se presta atención a la potenciación de la competencia lectora. La existencia de pruebas estandarizadas a nivel mundial como PIRLS y PISA focaliza más el valor de la competencia lectora en el mundo, porque consideran que saber leer es mucho más que saber reconocer grafías y palabras. Como plasmó Cassany, Luna y Sanz (1994:193) “la lectura es uno de los aprendizajes más importantes, indiscutidos e indiscutibles… ¡Son tantas las cosas obligatorias que solamente se pueden hacer leyendo y escribiendo! Burocracia, leyes, trabajo, ocio o vivienda”

Towards the Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid via a Rhodium-catalyzed Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Substituted Oxabicycles and the Construction of Tetrasubstituted Helical Alkenes by a Palladium-catalyzed Domino Process

A synthetic approach to produce lysergic acid by virtue of an asymmetric ring opening (ARO) of symmetrical 3,6-disubstituted-7,10-hydroxymethyl bridgehead substituted oxabicycles is described. The use of a Rhodium(I)/JosiPhos(R,S) catalyst system to effect an ARO using an amine nucleophile furnishes an enantiopure tetrahydronapthalene intermediate with the amine conveniently installed at the 6 position as in lysergic acid, with appropriate stereochemistry; further which, two subsequent annulations are necessary to form the fused 3,5-substituted indole and tetrahydropyridine to complete the synthesis. Progress of this work is described herein along with future directions. The second chapter in this thesis describes the modular and stereoselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted helical alkenes via a palladium-catalyzed domino reaction under Catellani conditions. These helical alkenes possess potentially interesting photochemical properties as molecular motors / switches, and can be applicable in the materials sciences as molecular machines.MAS

Modular and Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Helical Alkenes via a Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Reaction

A highly modular and stereoselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted helical alkenes is accomplished by a Pd-catalyzed norbornene-mediated domino reaction. This protocol features the rapid assembly of four C–C bonds via sequential C–H activations and carbopalladations along with efficient access to enantiopure bromoalkyl aryl alkyne precursors using homologative alkynylation as the key transformation. Three distinct elements of stereoselectivity were observed in the preparation of the chiral helical alkenes: retention of stereochemistry of the substrates, induced helical diastereoselectivity in the alkene formation, and the exclusive <i>exo</i>-facial selectivity of the norbornene incorporation

A-CD estrogens. I. substituent effects, hormone potency, and receptor subtype selectivity in a new family of flexible estrogenic compounds

Long-term use of estrogen supplements by women leads to an increased risk of breast and uterine cancers. Possible mechanisms include metabolism of estradiol and compounds related to tumor-initiating quinones, and ligand-induced activation of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ which can cause cancer cell proliferation, depending on the ratio of receptors present. One therapeutic goal would be to create a spectrum of compounds of variable potency for ERα and ERβ, which are resistant to quinone formation, and to determine an optimum point in this spectrum. We describe the synthesis, modeling, binding affinities, hormone potency, and a measure of quinone formation for a new family of A-CD estrogens, where the A-C bond is formed by ring coupling. Some substituents on the A-ring increase hormone potency, and one compound is much less quinone-forming than estradiol. These compounds span a wide range of receptor subtype selectivities and may be useful in hormone replacement therapy