The effect of material non-linearity on the predicted performance of road pavement

TIle purpose of this study is to determine the effect of non-linearity of unbound granular material as base course on the road pavement. This study focused in the determination of the effect of density and level of stress on resilient modulus at granular base material under repeated loading. The granular material was compacted at optimum moisture content of the 90 %, 95 % and 100 % of maximum dry density. The stress application assign to the stress situation caused by wheel loading affected at the base, upper subbase and lower subbase layer pavement. From the test result, the graph was plotted by regression analysis and the model fitted base on Brown and PeII, 1976, as Mr = kl (9/90)k2. The result obtained was analysed by Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) using t-test to detennine the effect of resilient modulus on density and level of stress. The resilient modulus increases as the level of stress and density increase, which means that the resilient modulus of unbound granular material is stress dependent and the relationship is non-linear. The effect of non-linear unbound granular material on the road pavement is determined by MICH-PA VE software. The flexible pavement was analysed based on Manual of Pavement Design (JKR) which the standard and construction layer thickness was taken. The analyses consist of the maximum horizontal tensile and the average compressive strains in asphalt layer and compressive strain at the top sub grade. These strains are related to the fatigue life and rut depth of asphalt pavement. TIle resilient modulus increases with the increase in density. Everything being equal pavement with unbound layer with lower may have a higher horizontal or radial strain at the bottom of asphalt, and therefore will have shorter fatigue life. The lower density at the unbound layer tends to increase the average compressive strain within the asphalt layer and compressive strain at the top of subgrade, which may cause at the increment rate total plastic defonnation at the pavement

Water Sensitivity Of Warm Porous Asphalt Incorporating Sasobit®

The asphalt industry is making constant efforts to minimize energy consumption and reduce emissions by lowering asphalt production temperature. This can be achieved by incorporating warm asphalt additive named Sasobit®. In this study, rheological properties of a conventional bitumen 60/70 penetration grade with and without Sasobit® at different aging conditions have been investigated. The addition of Sasobit® content increased penetration index and complex modulus (G*), despite reduction in phase angle (δ). By adding 3% Sasobit®, the mixing temperature is decreased from 160°C to 150°C. Meanwhile, adding 1%, 2% and 3% of it increased the PG 70 base binder to PG 73, PG 74 and PG 76, respectively. There was no significant change observed in the mixing temperature from 3% to 4% of Sasobit® addition. However, the reduction of mixing temperatures may prevent moisture from being completely evaporated from the aggregate and so affect the bitumen bond, making the mixture more susceptible to stripping. Two anti-stripping additives, namely hydrated lime and Pavement Modifier (PMD) were used to reduce the destructive effects of moisture. The Dynamic Asphalt Stripping Machine (DASM) that simulate rainfall event was used to enhance stripping. Upon subjected to dynamic stripping, specimens were tested for indirect tensile strength and Cantabro test showed lower strength and less resistance to disintegration due to stripped mastic as compared to immersing condition

The effect of material non-linearity on the predicted performance of road pavement

TIle purpose of this study is to determine the effect of non-linearity of unbound granular material as base course on the road pavement. This study focused in the determination of the effect of density and level of stress on resilient modulus at granular base material under repeated loading. The granular material was compacted at optimum moisture content of the 90 %, 95 % and 100 % of maximum dry density. The stress application assign to the stress situation caused by wheel loading affected at the base, upper subbase and lower subbase layer pavement. From the test result, the graph was plotted by regression analysis and the model fitted base on Brown and PeII, 1976, as Mr = kl (9/90)k2. The result obtained was analysed by Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) using t-test to detennine the effect of resilient modulus on density and level of stress. The resilient modulus increases as the level of stress and density increase, which means that the resilient modulus of unbound granular material is stress dependent and the relationship is non-linear. The effect of non-linear unbound granular material on the road pavement is determined by MICH-PA VE software. The flexible pavement was analysed based on Manual of Pavement Design (JKR) which the standard and construction layer thickness was taken. The analyses consist of the maximum horizontal tensile and the average compressive strains in asphalt layer and compressive strain at the top sub grade. These strains are related to the fatigue life and rut depth of asphalt pavement. TIle resilient modulus increases with the increase in density. Everything being equal pavement with unbound layer with lower may have a higher horizontal or radial strain at the bottom of asphalt, and therefore will have shorter fatigue life. The lower density at the unbound layer tends to increase the average compressive strain within the asphalt layer and compressive strain at the top of subgrade, which may cause at the increment rate total plastic defonnation at the pavement

Mechanistic Approach for Reducing the Thickness of Asphalt Layer Incorporating Steel Slag Aggregate

This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as a novel solution for the high density of asphalt layer incorporated with steel slag aggregate, which increase the cost of transportation. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design (MEPDG) approach was employed to evaluate the benefits of introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber in terms of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as well as the extension service life of asphalt layer. On the other hand, the correlation between creep strain slope (CSS) and secant creep stiffness modulus (SCSM) were assessed to provide a better evaluation and understanding concerning of the outputs of the dynamic creep test. The findings of this study showed that introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber into the mixtures at the optimum content (0.5 kg/ton) have reduced the thickness of asphalt layer by approximately 10%. Additionally, polyvinyl alcohol fiber has increased the performance of the asphalt mixtures concerning of resilient modulus and dynamic creep. Furthermore, the correlation between CSS and SCSM was strong, which indicates that evaluation of permanent deformation using CSS and SCSM parameters provides better actual assessment than accumulation strain

Mechanistic Approach for Reducing the Thickness of Asphalt Layer Incorporating Steel Slag Aggregate

This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as a novel solution for the high density of asphalt layer incorporated with steel slag aggregate, which increase the cost of transportation. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design (MEPDG) approach was employed to evaluate the benefits of introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber in terms of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as well as the extension service life of asphalt layer. On the other hand, the correlation between creep strain slope (CSS) and secant creep stiffness modulus (SCSM) were assessed to provide a better evaluation and understanding concerning of the outputs of the dynamic creep test. The findings of this study showed that introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber into the mixtures at the optimum content (0.5 kg/ton) have reduced the thickness of asphalt layer by approximately 10%. Additionally, polyvinyl alcohol fiber has increased the performance of the asphalt mixtures concerning of resilient modulus and dynamic creep. Furthermore, the correlation between CSS and SCSM was strong, which indicates that evaluation of permanent deformation using CSS and SCSM parameters provides better actual assessment than accumulation strain

Microstructural Characteristics of Fly Ash Geopolymer Modified Asphalt Binder

The incorporation of by-product materials, such as fly ash geopolymer, has a significant influence on the properties of asphalt. This results in a reduction in binder viscosity and an increase in binder stiffness. This, in turn, promotes enhanced aggregate-bitumen bonding. Geopolymer refers to a class of inorganic materials characterized by the formation of a long-range, covalently bonded non-crystalline skeleton. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of incorporating waste and by-product materials, specifically fly ash geopolymer additive, in order to influence the microstructure of asphalt binder. The focus was on examining how the inclusion of fly ash geopolymer could alter the internal arrangement and composition of the asphalt binder, leading to potential improvements in its properties and performance. Laboratory experiments were performed to analyze the microstructure of 60/70 and 80/100 asphalt binder samples using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging. These samples were modified with various concentrations (3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11%) of fly ash geopolymer additive. The SEM images were obtained to examine the morphological changes and assess the distribution of the fly ash geopolymer particles within the asphalt binder matrix at different additive concentrations. The NOVA NANOSEM 230 equipment was utilized to determine the morphological characteristics of the binders. The results showed notable variations in the properties of the asphalt binders modified with fly ash geopolymer compared to the unmodified control binder. The morphological evaluation revealed thorough blending of the fly ash geopolymer additive. Notably, the micrographs demonstrated a denser structure with increased percentages of fly ash geopolymer, indicating a presence of fly ash and alkaline activator promotes the rapid formation of polymerization. These findings emphasize the promising potential of fly ash geopolymer as an additive in asphalt binder. The significant effect it has on viscosity when incorporated into modified asphalt binder makes it a valuable candidate for application in the field

Resilient modulus of stabilized subgrade for flexible pavement design

This paper reports the resilient modulus of stabilized subgrade soil for flexible pavement design using chemical stabilizer; Sodium Silicate (SiO2). SiO2is a water based soil stabilizer which is currently being patented on application by Probase Manufacturing Sdn.Bhd. in stabilizing subgrade soil for low volume road construction. The resilient modulus of the stabilized subgrade soil; with particular variations values of additive content, dry density, moisture content and curing time were investigated. Repeated Triaxial load test was conducted on the stabilized subgrade soil, and the specimens were prepared with 100%, 95% and 90% of dry density, at optimum moisture content (WOpt), 3% dry of optimum (WOpt-3) and 3% wet of optimum (WOpt+3), and the amount of stabilizer used were 4%, 8% and 12% from dry density of the soil. It had been found that the density affects the resilient modulusof fine grained soil materials; however the magnitude of this effect is smaller compared to the effect of water (moisture). The addition of liquid SiO2stabilizer improves the stiffness (resilient modulus) of the soil and consequently, the optimum concentration of the stabilizer is found to be 4% at 95% density with WOpt-3 for subgrade soil stabilization from KENLAYER program. The analysis was supported by Asphalt Institute (AI) Models which was used to predict the number of load cycle thatlead to failur

Microstructural Characteristics of Fly Ash Geopolymer Modified Asphalt Binder

The incorporation of by-product materials, such as fly ash geopolymer, has a significant influence on the properties of asphalt. This results in a reduction in binder viscosity and an increase in binder stiffness. This, in turn, promotes enhanced aggregate-bitumen bonding. Geopolymer refers to a class of inorganic materials characterized by the formation of a long-range, covalently bonded non-crystalline skeleton. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of incorporating waste and by-product materials, specifically fly ash geopolymer additive, in order to influence the microstructure of asphalt binder. The focus was on examining how the inclusion of fly ash geopolymer could alter the internal arrangement and composition of the asphalt binder, leading to potential improvements in its properties and performance. Laboratory experiments were performed to analyze the microstructure of 60/70 and 80/100 asphalt binder samples using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging. These samples were modified with various concentrations (3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11%) of fly ash geopolymer additive. The SEM images were obtained to examine the morphological changes and assess the distribution of the fly ash geopolymer particles within the asphalt binder matrix at different additive concentrations. The NOVA NANOSEM 230 equipment was utilized to determine the morphological characteristics of the binders. The results showed notable variations in the properties of the asphalt binders modified with fly ash geopolymer compared to the unmodified control binder. The morphological evaluation revealed thorough blending of the fly ash geopolymer additive. Notably, the micrographs demonstrated a denser structure with increased percentages of fly ash geopolymer, indicating a presence of fly ash and alkaline activator promotes the rapid formation of polymerization. These findings emphasize the promising potential of fly ash geopolymer as an additive in asphalt binder. The significant effect it has on viscosity when incorporated into modified asphalt binder makes it a valuable candidate for application in the field

A Study of Roundabout Sustainability using Traffic Simulation - A Case Study at Ayer Hitam Signalised Intersection

Through urban planning and municipal administration, a sustainable city seeks to solve issues of social, environmental, and economic effect. By integrating environmentally friendly options into local infrastructure, many sustainable efforts are made possible. Vehicle emissions from the road traffic have always been considered one of the most significant sources of global issues due to their harmful effects on the environment and human beings. Additionally, it is currently a concern for sustainability, especially in urban areas. This matter has inspired the researchers to simulate various systems to identify factors and provide solutions for the issue of emission. In this study, VISSIM software was utilised to develop a traffic simulation to estimate emissions level at Ayer Hitam’s signalised intersection in reference to the intersection type as an independent factor. The signalised intersection and a roundabout were chosen to represent controlled and uncontrolled intersections. It aimed to compare the difference in emissions level between the signalised intersection and roundabout. The results of this study show that roundabouts are more effective in enhancing traffic flow than signalised intersections in terms of travel time, delay, queue and have 48.59% lower for (CO), (NOx) and (VOC) emission. An improvement in vehicle emissions results from this study indicates that roundabouts have the potential to contribute to a more sustainable transportation system and sustainable city

ANALISIS KERUSAKAN JALAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX (PCI) DAN SURFACE DISTRESS INDEK (SDI)

Ruas jalan nasional Caruban – Wilangan adalah bagian dari jalan nasional rute 20 yang menjadi jalan arteri nasional Jawa Timur. Jalan ini memiliki lebar 7 m dengan rata-rata bahu jalan 3 m. Dengan padatnya jumlah kendaraan yang melaluinya setiap hari jalan ini mengalami kerusakan permukaan jalan. Kerusakan permukaan jalan yang timbul akan mempengaruhi kelancaran, keamanan, dan kenyamanan bagi pengguna jalan. Dilakukannya penelitian ini untuk mengetahui nilai kondisi permukaan jalan nasional Caruban-Wilangan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode Pavement Condition Index (PCI) dan metode Surface Distress Index (SDI). Survei dilakukan dengan cara membagi beberapa segmen 100 m sepanjang 15 km. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian nilai kerusakan permukaan jalan berdasarkan metode Pavement Condition Index (PCI) yaitu Good 12.7 %, satisfactory 10.7 %, fair 33.3 %, poor 20.7 %, very poor 15.3 %, serious 6 % dan failed 1.3 %. Dengan perhitungan menggunakan metode Pavemanet Index Condition (PCI), didapat nilai rata – rata PCI sebesar 56,89 menunjukkan kondisi permukaan jalan dalam kondisi Fair. Pada penilaian kondisi permukaan jalan dengan metode Surface Distress Index (SDI) nilai kerusakan permukaan jalan yang terjadi yaitu Baik 61 %, sedang 16 %, rusak ringan 0 %, dan rusak berat 23 %