Vaginal foreign body in a 4 year old girl: a case report

Vaginal foreign body is an uncommon clinical entity in the pediatric population but it is more common in mentally retarded and young children. In this case report, we present a 4-year-old girl who was brought to the emergency room with a history of self-insertion of a pen cap into the vaginal orifice which had no vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, abdominal pain or urinary symptoms

Ultrasound Parameters Changes after Pyeloplasty in Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: 6-Month Follow-Up

Background: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction(UPJO) is one of the most common anomalies in children. The gold standard method for follow-up of these patients after pyeloplasty is a nuclear scan, but due to its high cost and limited access, it has recently been replaced with ultrasound. In this study, we want to assess ultrasound parameter changes after pyeloplasty. Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 124 patients from 2006 to 2012 who had undergone open pyeloplasty were enrolled. They were evaluated with ultrasound and nuclear scans before, 3, and 6 months after surgery. We analogized the results of these two methods and described the modifications in ultrasound parameters. Results: Of all 124 patients with a median age of 30 months, according to nuclear scan results, kidney functions have improved by 96.77%. The average AP(anteroposterior) diameter of kidneys before, 3, and 6 months after surgery were 34.28 mm, 18 mm, and 15.19 mm respectively. In patients with successful surgery; PI (percentage improvement) of AP was above 15% after 3 months and above 26% after 6 months, thickness of the cortex raised at least 10 percent, and a reduction of at least 16% and 18% was seen in pelvic/cortex ratio in 3, and 6 months respectively. Conclusions: After pyeloplasty, a reduction in AP diameter, PI of AP, pelvic/cortex ratio, and an expansion in thickness of the cortex have been seen. Ultrasound in 3 months has high sensitivity but low specificity, and in 6 months have high sensitivity and specificity

Efficient Deployment of Small Cell Base Stations Mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for the Internet of Things Infrastructure

In the Internet of Things networks deploying fixed infrastructure is not always the best and most economical solution. Advances in efficiency and durability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) made flying small cell base stations (BS) a promising approach by providing coverage and capacity in environments where using fixed infrastructure is not economically justified. A key challenge in covering an area with UAV-based small cell BSs is optimal positioning the UAVs to maximize the coverage and minimize the number of required UAVs. In this paper, we propose an optimization problem that helps to determine the number and position of the UAVs. Moreover, to have efficient results in a reasonable time, we propose complementary heuristic methods that effectively reduce the search space. The simulation results show that our proposed method performs better than genetic algorithms

Spontaneous bile duct perforation in late infancy

Spontaneous bile duct perforation (SBDP) is an infrequent condition with no choledochal cyst, bile duct stenosis, or stone. Perforation of the bile duct usually occurs when, for some unexplained cause, the common bile duct becomes obstructed, usually at its distal end at the junction of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct. In most cases, it occurs in early infancy, especially during the first 3 months of age, the occurrence in older ages is very rare. Affected patients have jaundice, failure to thrive, and abdominal protrusion due to ascites, and marked acholic creamy stool which classically leads to the development of bile-stained inguinal or umbilical hernias.Here we report a case of SBDP in late infancy. This case can be an interesting experience

Objective Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effects of Oral Steroids in the Management of Biliary Atresia: Therapeutic Effects of Oral Steroids in Biliary Atresia

Introduction: Biliary atresia is a progressive fibro-obliterativecholangiopathy that affects both intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ducts causing cholestasis and neonatal jaundice. The use of anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids may decrease inflammation and recurrent stricture. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial had been performed on 24 patients admitted to Children’s Hospital with biliary atresia. Prednisolone was not administered in the control group after the operation, but in the intervention group, 2 mg/kg/day of prednisolone was given for 6 weeks and then tapered. Then, its therapeutic effect in the management of biliary atresia was compared. Results: The mean age of the patients in the case and control groups was 2.19 and 2 months, respectively. Cholangitis (P= 0.3), direct hyperbilirubinemia (P= 0.6), ascites (P= 0.5), pigmented stools (P= 0.7), and esophageal varices (P= 0.1) between the two groups was not significant. But the age of the patients, outcome of treatment (P= 0.05), total hyperbilirubinemia (P= 0.05), growth failure (P=0.03), worsening grade of splenomegaly (P= 0.04), hepatomegaly (P= 0.03), fecal pigmentation (P= 0.003), death (P= 0.01), and portal hypertension (P= 0.02) in two groups were significant. Conclusion: Regarding the results, corticosteroids have a significant effect on reducing the bilirubin levels, improving the survival rate, and decreasing the mortality rate, although these results are closely related to the patient’s age at the time of surgery

An efficient and light asymmetric cryptography to secure communication in smart grid

The population growth influences the need for electric power. But the existing power grid is not fully qualified to resolve this need. For providing a suitable power grid that is match with today's needs, smart grid has been proposed. Smart grid includes advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), communication network, etc. alongside traditional power grid to deliver the electric power to the customers. One of the most important parts of smart grid is the communication link between smart meters and the control center. Since smart grid's performance relies on real time data communication, reliable and secure communications for transporting the real time data is crucial. Smart grid communication network consists of HAN (home area network), BAN (building area network), NAN (neighbor area network) and WAN (Wide area network). This paper proposes an efficient and secure infrastructure for communication in a smart grid focusing on two networks, HAN and NAN. Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) a key agreement scheme is built up that contains two phases, pre-deployment and key agreement. The proposed scheme is cost efficient in using operators and transmitting messages for agreement on a session key for safe data transmission