Prince Myinzaing and Early Armed Resistance Movements

The British occupation forces took the Mandalay capital without armed resistance on 28 November 1885 because King Thibaw issued a royal order on 27 November 1885 for Myanmar to surrender. After dethroning King Thibaw, the British brought him to India. Then resistance to the British took place throughout upper Myanmar. The majority of the resistance leaders were royal princes, the former servicemen. Prince Myinsaing was a son of king Mindon. Prince Myinsaing made an attempt reconquer the Mandalay capital. The resistance movement led by Myinsaing caused a great deal of difficulties for the British. Although the period of his resistance against the British was short, Prince Myinsaing's leadership could influence not only on the resistance groups in central Myanmar but also on those in hilly regions. The resistance movement led by Myinsaing caused a great deal of difficulties for the British. The British made attempt to suppress the forces of Prince Myinsaing to the end

Investigation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Bogalay Township, Myanmar in 1999

An investigation was in Nyi-naung-wa village, Bogalay township for Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection and the possibility of a JE outbreak. JE virus antibody was determined among the pigs and the people living near the pig farms in that village and at an adjacent village as a control. The known JE virus vector Culex mosquito species were also identified in both villages. Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) methods were used for the detectioon of JE and dengue antibodies. Homotypic or monotypic JE antibodies were detected in 33% of the pigs tested. No homotypic nor monotypic JE antibodis was detected among the villagers. Although there was no JE virus infection among the people, because of the presence of JE virus infection among the pigs and the presence of Culex mosquito vector in that area, the possibility of a JE outbreak in humans in that area, if the number of pig breeding per household increase and the mosquito density become higher is discussed

The Nature of Newly Developed Industrial Activities in Myanmar : A Case Study of Industrial Zones

Different types of industry demand different locational advantage.Spatial variations of industrial development and industrial specialization have, therefore, occurred on the earth 's surface. In Myanmar, the most spatially distinguished effort for industrial development is establishment of industrial zones since 1989.This paper tries to trace the spatial variations on the nature of newly developed industrial activities from the case study 0f those industrial zones and tries to explain t he underlying factors that generate above variations. Analysis is focused on industrial development and industrial specialization and conducted at two levels: national level; and regional level. The results show that development of the industrial zones is closely related to their respective advantageous location . Therefore, the industrial policy should favor the advantages of each industrial zone to be able to accelerate the industrial development

Effects of Different Explant Types, Plant Growth Regulators and Shoot Density on In Vitro Regeneration of Asparagus (Asparagus officinallis L.)

The asparagus plants known as Ka-nyut in Myanmar are commercially cultivated in many places of central lowlands and eastern mountainous regions. This experiment was carried out to observe the ef-fects of different explants on in vitro shoot induction, to verify the optimum concentrations of 6-benzyladeno-purine (BAP) for shoot multiplication, and to compare the behaviours of the single shoots and cluster shoots for root induction of asparagus. Three different explant types – apical bud, lateral bud and spear segment – were cultured onto MS medium to induce shoots in initial culture. Shoot formation of three different explant types was observed around 20 days after culture. For initial culture, apical bud gave 63 % of shoot formation followed by lateral bud (44 %) and spear segment (20 %) respectively. Shoot tips derived from apical and lateral buds of initial culture were sub-cultured onto MS medium with 0.5 mg. L-1 of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0, 2, 3 or 4 mg. L-1 of BAP for shoot multiplica-tion. The medium supplemented with 2 mg. L-1 of BAP gave the highest number of shoots (9 shoots per explant), the longest shoot length (2 cm), and the highest number of nodes (2 nodes per shoot). After shoot multiplication, two types of shoots (single and cluster shoots) were cultured again onto MS medi-um with 1.5 and 2.5 mg. L-1 of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for root induction. It was observed that clus-ter shoots formed roots well in 2.5 mg. L-1 IBA-containing medium. Cluster shoots have more potential for rooting of in vitro developing shoots than single shoots do

Heat Treatment to Break Seed Dormancy of Pre- and Post-Monsoon Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Breaking seed dormancy helps to increase uniformity in germination and shorten the time required for seeds to germinate. To evaluate the effect of heat treatments and different packaging materials on viability and dormancy of different seasonal sesame seeds under field storage conditions, the storage experiments were carried out at two locations, Pwintphyu and Pakokku Townships, and heat treatment experiment was conducted at the laboratory of Department of Agronomy, Yezin Agricultural University from August 2016 to September 2017. The seeds were stored in two packaging materials, woven poly-propylene bag and superbag for eight months, and the samples were collected two-month interval and tested for seed quality. In the heat treatment used in this study, 60˚C for 10 minutes and 50˚C for 20 minutes showed the better results than control (untreated). Of the two different heat treatments, 50˚C treatment of pre-monsoon sesame had higher germination percentage, earlier germination and more vig-orous seedlings than 60˚C treatment, however, there were not different between two temperature treat-ments of post-monsoon sesame. The germination, germination index and seedling vigour index of non-treated and both treated pre-monsoon sesame stored in woven polypropylene bag were significantly higher than superbag, however, these qualities were not different between packaging materials of post-monsoon sesame storage. The initial germination of non-treated sesame increased during storage, the maximum germination of post-monsoon was observed in four months after storage, while it was ob-tained in six-month storage of pre-monsoon seeds

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of some Myanmar Mango (Mangifera spp. L.) Accessions using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Abstract—Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a favorite fruit in the world especially in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. It is a rich source of vitamins, ß-carotene, minerals, and antioxidants. Mango is known as “the king of fruits” for its taste and flavor. It is native to Southern Asia, especially Burma and eastern India. Since Myanmar is one of the origins of mango. A wide genetic diversity may be found in Myanmar accordingly. Some phenotypic characterizations of Myanmar mangoes have been done but the information of genetic assessments is still limited. Therefore, the present study intended to make genetic assessments of some Myanmar mango accessions collected from different geographical regions using Simple Sequence Repeat markers (SSR). This study was carried out at the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Yezin Agricultural University (YAU). Fully grown mango leaf samples were used to extract total genomic DNA. The DNAs were extracted by modified CTAB method and checked purity and concentration with nano spectrophotometer. The sample DNAs were amplified using five pairs of SSR primers. One SSR (MSSR80) revealed as monomorphic marker among tested 94 mango accessions. The data were analysed using Structure 2.2 and Phylip software package. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA6 software program. According to population structure analysis, 94 mango accessions could be distinguished into three populations though four accessions were assessed as admixtures. Four accessions; Parr Phyu Thee (Kinda), Pann Bin Ga Lar (Kalar Gyi), Pyo Ta Ngon (Kinda) and Yin Kwae (Kinda) stood as admixtures. No correlation between the geographical distribution and population structure of mango was found. One accession, Sein Ta Lone (Pan Swae) stood as an outstanding accession in phylogenetic tree constructed by Phylip program although it was grouped together with Shwe Myo Sae, Ma Chit Su and others in population structure analysis. It was hard to say discrete population. Almost all accessions of a population possessed some alleles from other populations. It implied that cross pollination nature plays an important role in mango gene pool. Accordingly, wider genetic diversity would be expected among mango population in Myanmar

Species Diversity of Arthropods in Intensive Rice-Ecosystem of Nay Pyi Taw Council Area

In order to measure the diversity of insect pests and natural enemies in riceecosystem, the present study was conducted in Nay Pyi Taw Council Area (Pobbathiri, Dekkhinathiri, Ottarathiri and Zeyyarthiri Townships) from August to December 2015. From this study, 118 species of 11 orders in Nyaungbingyisu (Pobbathiri Township), 62 species of 10 orders in Kyarku (Dekkhinathiri Township), 105 species of 9 orders in Zalaung (Ottarathiri Township) and 103 species of 11 orders in YAU Campus (Zeyarthiri Township) were observed during the study period. Shannon-Wiener function was used to measure the index of species diversity. According to the calculation of Shannon-Wiener function, species diversity and equitability were more abundant in Nyaungbingyisu and YAU Campus than the other two locations. For insect pest species, the highest population was observed in family Thripidae (Stenchaetothrips biformis) of order Thysanoptera in Kyarku among all locations. As for natural enemy species, the most abundant population was found in family Corixidae of order Hemiptera in Zalaung Village among the study areas

Therapeutic efficacy and artemisinin resistance in northern Myanmar: evidence from in vivo and molecular marker studies

Abstract Background In Myanmar, three types of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) are recommended as first-line treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria: artemether–lumefantrine (AL), artesunate–mefloquine (AS + MQ), and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DP). Resistance to both artemisinins and ACT partner drugs has been reported from the Greater Mekong Sub-region, and regular efficacy monitoring of the recommended ACT is conducted in Myanmar. This paper reports on results from studies to monitor the efficacy of the three forms of ACT in sentinel sites in northern Myanmar, and investigations of mutations in the Kelch13 (k13) propeller domain. Methods Seven therapeutic efficacy studies were conducted in 2011–12 and 2014 in three sentinel sites in Myanmar (Tamu, Muse, Tabeikkyin). Three studies were done for the evaluation of AL (204 patients), two studies for AS + MQ (119 patients) and two studies for DP (147 patients). These studies were done according to 2009 standard WHO protocol. Polymorphisms in the k13 propeller domain were examined in dried blood spots collected on day 0. The primary endpoint was adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on day 28 for AL and on day 42 for DP and AS + MQ, corrected to exclude re-infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping. Safety data were collected through self-reporting. Results PCR-corrected ACPR was 97.2–100% for AL, 98.6–100% for AS + MQ and 100% for DP across the study sites and years. All studies found a prevalence of k13 mutations (>440) above 23% in the day-0 samples. The F446I mutation was the most common mutation, making up 66.0% of the mutations found. Seven out of nine day-3 positive patients were infected with k13 wild type parasites. The remaining two cases with day-3 parasitaemia had the P574L mutation. Conclusions The efficacy of AL, AS + MQ and DP remains high in northern Myanmar despite widespread evidence of k13 mutations associated with delayed parasite clearance. This study showed that already in 2012 there was a high frequency of k13 mutations in Myanmar on the border with India. The high efficacy of the recommended ACT gives confidence in the continued recommendation of the use of these treatments in Myanmar. Trial registration numbers ACTRN12611001245987 (registered 06-12-2011) and ACTRN12614000216617 (registered 28-02-2014