Feeding values of conventional diets and their effects on the performances of dairy cows in Central Myanmar

The conventional diets have been fed to dairy cows since many years ago in Myanmar, however there is a little scientific information regarding the use of those diets as feed. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the feeding values of conventional diets and their effects on the performances of dairy cows in Central Myanmar. Nine cross-bred Holstein Friesian cows (460±22kg) with the 12th week of lactation were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups with three replicates in a completely randomized design. The three treatments were Diet-ST (common diet from Sin Tel, Tatar U Township), Diet-MN (common diet from Myay Ngu, Tatar U Township) and Diet-AM (common diet from Amarapura Township). Cows were fed treatments for 60 days. The roughage to concentrate ratios ranged from 53:47 to 72:28 and the nutritive values were significantly different (p<0.05) each other. The highest nutrient intakes were observed in dairy cows fed on Diet-MN, however the nutrient digestibility were not different (p>0.05) except the CP and ether extract digestibility (CPD and EED). The nitrogen utilization was highest in dairy cows fed on Diet-ST and the lowest value was observed in the dairy cows fed on Diet-AM. Although the milk compositions were not different (p>0.05), the average milk yield of dairy cows offered the Diet-MN was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of dairy cows fed on other diets. The highest total feed cost (p<0.05) was found in Diet-AM and the lowest value (p<0.05) was in Diet-MN. According to these findings, it was concluded that the highest feeding value was observed in Diet-MN and its effect on the performances of dairy cows was also greater than others. Moreover, it would be suggested that better bean residues and sesame residues could be used as fibre sources in the diets of dairy cows

Isolation of Plant Hormone (Indole-3-Acetic Acid - IAA) Producing Rhizobacteria and Study on Their Effects on Maize Seedling

18 rhizobacteria were isolated from various rhizospheric soils in Mandalay region, Myanmar and some of their biochemical characteristics were studied. Among them, 4 isolates belonged to Bacillus spp. and another 5 strains were recognized as Serratia spp. All 18 isolates were screened for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and quantitative determination of IAA was done for all strains by UV-Vis spectrophotometer with 2 days interval during 10 days incubation. All isolates had different optimum IAA production periods and strain R1 was the best IAA producer strain with 121.1 ppm. It was observed that Bacillus spp. produced IAA ranging from 53.1 ppm to 71.1 ppm optimally and Serratia spp. can be regarded as poor IAA producer strains. Among these 18 strains, four of the best IAA producers (R1, R3, R5, R8) were selected for further study on maize plant and their activities of nitrogen fixation were also detected by plate screening method. Seed germination rate was studied with eight types of treatment and the treatment systems with isolates cannot show distinct positive effect on seed germination rate. At 20th day after sowing, dry root weight and fresh root weight, root length, number of adventitious roots, dry shoot weight and fresh shoot weight and shoot height were measured. In pot trial experiment, treatment R1 significantly increased the fresh shoot weight, shoot height and dry shoot weight whereas treatment R3 significantly increased fresh root weight, root length, dry root weight and number of adventitious roots and all treatments with bacterial isolates showed plant growth promotion than the control systems

In vitro fermentation of conventional diets commonly fed to dairy cows in Central Myanmar

This study consisted of two experiments conducted to evaluate the effective net gas, fermentation kinetics (experiment 1), methane gas concentration, partitioning factor (PF) for microbial protein synthesis and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (experiment 2) of conventional diets commonly fed to dairy cows in Central Myanmar. The conventional diets from four areas [diet from Sin Tel area (Diet-ST), diet from Myay Ngu area (Diet-MN), diet from Ta Pel area (Diet-TP) and diet from Amarapura area (Diet-AM)] were used as experimental diets in this study. In most of conventional diets, rice straw, sorghum stover and natural grass were used as roughage source and cotton seed cake and broken rice were used as concentrate. However in some diets, sesame residue and butter bean residue were used as roughage source instead of sorghum stover and natural grass. The roughage to concentrate ratio and crude protein (CP) content of conventional diets ranged from 53:47 to 72:28 and 11.46 to 17.96%, respectively. In experiment 1, the effective net gas volume of Diet-TP was lower (p<0.05) than Diet-ST and Diet-AM and generally, the fermentation kinetics (a, b, c and a+b) of Diet-TP were also lower than those of other diets. In the experiment 2, the lower value (p<0.05) of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) was found in Diet-MN and Diet-TP while the higher values (p<0.05) of metabolizable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were observed Diet-AM and Diet-TP. Although methane gas concentration of Diet-TP was higher (p<0.05) than those of other diets, the greater values of IVDMD and PF were observed in Diet-TP. According to these findings, it was perceived that all conventional diets have different nutritional qualities which are useful for production and health of dairy cows; however the Diet-TP possessed the highest nutritional qualities among the conventional diets

EFFECT OF WASHING ON DELTAMETHRIN CONCENTRATION AND BIO-EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDE-TREATED MOSQUITO NETS

The deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets not only prevent but also control malaria, dengue fever and other vector-bone diseases. However, the deltamethrin concentration and bio-efficacy of mosquito nets can reduce due to washing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of washing on deltamethrin concentration and bio-efficacy of military insecticide-treated mosquito nets. High Performance Liquid Chromatography method was used for the determination of deltamethrin in mosquito-nets. Then, the WHO recommended cone and excito-chamber methods were used to determine the bio-efficacy of mosquito nets. The deltamethrin concentrations in the mosquito-net were after no wash (4590±58.54 ppm), 1× wash (4020±47.39 ppm), 2× wash (3225±45.22 ppm), 3× wash (2771±107.5 ppm), 4× wash (2657±58.59 ppm), 5× wash (1835±47.55 ppm), 10× wash (957±34.85 ppm), 15× wash (197±22.54 ppm) and 20× wash (87±23.75 ppm). The mosquito knockdown effects were reduced by washing of net (no wash to 20× wash) after 60 minutes and 6 hours exposure range from 90-40% and 100-70%. The mosquito mortality rate was reduced by washing of net (no wash to 20× wash) after 24 hours exposure were reduced range from 100-80%. The mosquito repellent action was reduced by washing of net (no wash to 20× wash) after 10 minutes and 24 hours exposure, range from 90-30% and 100-60%. The effective bio-efficacy level was found in 5×wash (1835±47.55 ppm of deltamethrin).Therefore, mosquito net should be impregnated again after the 5× wash to obtain the best protection on the public from mosquito bite

Effect of leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrates on digestibility, nitrogen utilization and milk yield in dairy cows

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrate on the performances of dairy cows. Nine cross-bred Holstein Friesian cows (410±12kg) in the 12th week of lactation were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups with three replicates/treatments in a completely randomized design. The three treatments were control diet without substitution of leucaena forage and silage (DLFS0), diet with substitution of leucaena forage 10% (DLF10) and diet with substitution of leucaena silage 10% (DLS10). Cows were fed treatments for 60 days. Although nutrient intakes were not significantly different (p>0.05) each other, digestibility of DLFS0 was significantly higher (p<0.05) than others. Conversely, nitrogen utilization and average milk yield of cows offered DLFS0 were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of cows fed on DLF10 and DLS10. The highest feed cost (p<0.05) per kg of milk was found in DLFS0 and the lowest cost was observed in DLF10. Therefore, although the leucana forage and silage could be substitute up to 10% of concentrates without adverse effects on the performances of dairy cows, the substitution of leucaena forage gave the better performances than that of leucaena silage

Development of Leucaena Mimosine-Degrading Bacteria in the Rumen of Sheep in Myanmar

Myanmar has an agricultural base, and about 70% of people reside in rural areas. They depend for survival on agriculture and small-scale crop production, with ruminant livestock consuming fibrous agricultural residues. For optimal ruminant production, concentrates are needed as supplements to these residues. As concentrates are expensive, researchers are testing alternative protein sources like legumes, including foliage from leguminous trees such as leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). Leucaena is the most widely used leguminous tree as a ruminant feed because it is rich in protein (~ 22%) and contains easily digestible fibre (23% neutral detergent fibre, 16.6% acid detergent fibre; Ni Ni Maw 2004). Khin Htay Myint (2005) noted that 25% of leucaena in the ration tended to increase nitrogen retention without decreasing dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. However, leucaena leaves contain a toxic non-protein amino acid, called mimosine. Research workers have endeavoured to reduce mimosine toxicity in animals fed leucaena in Myanmar (Aung Aung 2007, Wink Phyo Thu 2010) and one avenue of research was the development of mimosine-degrading bacteria in the rumen of sheep fed leucaena. In this paper we describe an experiment tracing the development of mimosine-degrading bacteria in the rumen of sheep

The Impact of rail transportation on regional economic development of Myanmar

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2016The transport sector has a vital role in fostering economic growth and advancing social development particularly in rail infrastructure. The railroads have been developed in many developed countries in terms of improving the land transport technology and positively changing the movement of freights and passengers. Myanmar is currently dependent upon commodity exports and imports with limited in-country manufacturing and assembly being coupled with an abundant mix of extractive industries. National rail infrastructure is very important for economic development in terms of income and employment opportunities. Rail transportation, which, has been already developed in some countries such as Korea and Japan will be reviewed to understand how rail transportation impact on economic development. Myanmar will get the latecomer advantage by practicing these two countries experiences in terms of improving rail infrastructure.Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Experiences of rail transportation in Japan and Korea Chapter 4: Structure of Myanmar Rail network Chapter 5: Conclusion and SuggestionmasterpublishedMoe Nwet Nwet AUNG