Using of organism Eisenia foetida in ecotoxicity tests

Pesticidní přípravky používané na ochranu rostlin patří mezi chemické látky, které jsou cíleně vnášeny do životního prostředí. V ČR jsou legálně používané pouze takové pesticidní přípravky, které jsou registrovány SRS (Státní rostlinolékařská správa). Pro účely registrace jsou potřeba kromě posouzení případných negativních účinků na zdraví lidí a zvířat, také informace, zda dané přípravky negativně neovlivňují životní prostředí, zejména nezpůsobují kontaminaci akvatického systému nebo nepůsobí na necílové organismy. Tato diplomová práce se zabývá využitím organismu Eisenia foetida (žížaly hnojní) v kontaktních testech ekotoxicity při testování pesticidních přípravků. Byly vybrány pesticidní přípravky, u nichž nejsou celistvé informace o jejich vlivu na necílový půdní organismus (Eisenia foetida), přičemž na základě vypracované literární rešerše byl zvolen test ekotoxicity dle metodiky OECD 207 Test akutní toxicity trvající 14 dní. Testovány byly dva pesticidní přípravky Topsin M 500 SC (účinná látka thiofanát-methyl) a Perfekthion (účinná látka dimethoát). Byly vypočteny ekotoxikologické hodnoty a posouzena ekotoxicita těchto látek pro půdní organismy.Pesticide products used for plant protection are one of the chemicals that are intentionally brought into the environment. In Czech Republic there are legally used only those pesticide products, which are registered by SRS (State Phytosanitary Administration). For registration of these products there is required in addition to assessing the likely negative effects on human and animal health, also information whether the pesticide products negatively not affect the environment, in particular avoiding the contamination of aqua system or not effect the non target organisms. This master's thesis discuss the use of organism Eisenia foetida (redworm) in the contact ecotoxicity tests by testing pesticide products. There were selected such pesticide products where there are not solid information about their impact on non-target soil organism (Eisenia foetida) and based on literature research was chosen ecotoxicity test by OECD 207 method, the acute toxicity test which is in place for 14 days. Two pesticide products Topsin M 500 SC (active ingredient thiophanate-methyl) and Perfekthion (active ingredient dimethoate) were tested. Ecotoxicological values were calculated and ecotoxicity of such peticide products for soil organism were avaulated.

The Introduction of Contact Ecotoxicity Tests for the Assessment of Terrestrial Ecosystems

Tématem předložené dizertační práce bylo provedení testů toxicity s využitím testovacího organismu ze zástupců suchozemských stejnonožců Porcellio scaber. Tento testovací organismus byl zvolen jako nejvhodnější pro posouzení toxicity vybraných anorganických sloučenin kontaminujících terestrický ekosystém. Jeho výběr byl proveden na základě důkladně zpracované metodiky tohoto testu, dále známých biologických a biochemických vlastností výše specifikovaného živého organismu, případně na jeho ekologické relevantnosti. Kromě klasických endpointů, jakými jsou mortalita, změna hmotnosti testovacích jedinců a také vliv přítomnosti a koncentrace kontaminantů na konzumaci stravy, byly rovněž sledovány změny v morfometrické charakteristice, a to na úrovni tkání a buněk, cytotoxicita a rovněž byla posuzována možná bioakumulace v různých částech těla tohoto organismu. Vybrané testované látky lze zařadit do oblasti nanočástic a anorganických solí. U vybraných nanočástic zlata byla provedena kompletní ekotoxikologická studie na několika úrovních organizace živé hmoty (organismus, tkáň, buňka). Pro vybrané soli byla provedena studie, která byla zaměřená především na chování organismů a klasické endpointy.This dissertation thesis is focus on using toxicity tests with testing organism - terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. This organism is use for toxicity assessment of selected anorganic compunds which could contaminate terrestrial ecosystem. This organism was selected for several reasons - sophisticated test methodology; well known biology of these animals and their ecological relevance. Besides classical endpoints such as mortality, change in mass of test specimens and the effect of the presence and concentration of contaminants onto food consumption; we monitored changes in the morphometric characteristics at the level of tissues and cells, the cytotoxicity and possibly bioaccumulation in various parts of the body of the organism. Selected test substance in this thesis were nanoparticles and inorganic salts. Wherein for chosen gold nanoparticles was carried out a complete study presents several levels of organization of living matter (organism, tissue, cell). For selected salts compound, this study was carried out on the behavior of organisms and classical endpoints.

Methodology and applications of elemental mapping by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

In the last few years, LIBS has become an established technique for the assessment of elemental concentrations in various sample types. However, for many applications knowledge about the overall elemental composition is not sufficient. In addition, detailed information about the elemental distribution within a heterogeneous sample is needed. LIBS has become of great interest in elemental imaging studies, since this technique allows to associate the obtained elemental composition information with the spatial coordinates of the investigated sample. The possibility of simultaneous multi-elemental analysis of major, minor, and trace constituents in almost all types of solid materials with no or negligible sample preparation combined with a high speed of analysis are benefits which make LIBS especially attractive when compared to other elemental imaging techniques. The first part of this review is aimed at providing information about the instrumental requirements necessary for successful LIBS imaging measurements and points out and discusses state-of-the-art LIBS instrumentation and upcoming developments. The second part is dedicated to data processing and evaluation of LIBS imaging data. This chapter is focused on different approaches of multivariate data evaluation and chemometrics which can be used e.g. for classification but also for the quantification of obtained LIBS imaging data. In the final part, current literature of different LIBS imaging applications ranging from bioimaging, geoscientific and cultural heritage studies to the field of materials science is summarized and reviewed. 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

Multivariate classification of echellograms: a new perspective in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy analysis

In this work, we proposed a new data acquisition approach that significantly improves the repetition rates of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) experiments, where high-end echelle spectrometers and intensified detectors are commonly used. The moderate repetition rates of recent LIBS systems are caused by the utilization of intensified detectors and their slow full frame (i.e. echellogram) readout speeds with consequent necessity for echellogram-to-1D spectrum conversion (intensity vs. wavelength). Therefore, we investigated a new methodology where only the most effective pixels of the echellogram were selected and directly used in the LIBS experiments. Such data processing resulted in significant variable down-selection (more than four orders of magnitude). Samples of 50 sedimentary ores samples (distributed in 13 ore types) were analyzed by LIBS system and then classified by linear and non-linear Multivariate Data Analysis algorithms. The utilization of selected pixels from an echellogram yielded increased classification accuracy compared to the utilization of common 1D spectra

Importance of contact tests of ecotoxicity

This bachelor thesis is dealing with an issue of contact tests of ecotoxicity and their importance for solid matrices testing as wastes, contaminated soil etc. According to the requierements of current legislative, ecotoxicity of these materials is evaluated only for results obtained with testing their water leach. Need of insertion ecotoxicity contact tests into mandatory set of tests is discussed in thesis, because current set of tests is relevant only for water ecosystem and does not support sufficient prediction for eventual ecotoxicologic impacts for terrestrial ecosystem