Tetracycline and sulfonamide residues in commercial egg yolks in the north of Iran

Background: Excessive and anachronous antibiotics using in the food industry and the production of livestock products has resulted in multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria against various antibiotics. This study aim was to investigate tetracycline and sulfonamide residues in commercial egg yolks. Methods: Escherichia coli was extracted from 500 egg yolk samples of 37 Iranian brands and tested by phenotypic isolation method and resistance tests for tetracycline, sulfonamide, and nitrofurantoin antibiotics. DNA was extracted from 12 identified multidrug-resistant strains to investigate the molecular mechanism of MDR by PCR with specific primers for tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetG, tetE, tetH, sul I, sul II, sul III, nfsA, and nfsB genes compared to control DNA (ATCC25922). Strains were using the cluster analysis by average Euclidean distance with Jaccard coefficient in SPSS-22. Results: Examination of 12 antibiotic-resistant E. coli by PCR indicated that there were a limited number of resistance genes in the strains. From the group of resistant genes, St2 and St12 strains contained the highest gene number (three genes) and tetracycline-resistant genes were absent in aTcc, St8, St4, and ST3 strains. A maximum of one gene from the sulfonamide-resistant group and one gene for nitrofurantoin-resistance were detected among the studied strains. The highest susceptibility belonged to atcc, St3, and ST8 strains, which were grouped compared to other strains (P-value ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Manufacturers and managers of the food industry should particularly consider the risk of increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics and implement programs for resistance monitoring to protect human and animal health

An investigation on Mowlana’s interpretive metaphors based on Jary and collation of Qoranic verses

Abstract  Jary and collation is an expression derived from narratives. It originally means "semantic solidarity and multi-significance". In fact, one of the idiomatic meanings of interpretation is matching words and verses with the events verses were said for and other external including people, conditions and requirement. Since the sophism is an expansive rang for multiplicity of meaning and since, Mowlavi is a famous theosophist, this article aims to investigate Qoranic interpretive verses based on Jary and collation. The main question is regarding Mowlavi’s style in using Qoranic interpretive metaphors. First, it is necessary to consider the semantics of interpretation and its triple methods. Next, Mowlavi’s interpretive metaphors are considered in lexical semantics, interpretation means returning to the origin. This word has been used seventeen times in fifteen verses in seven surahs. Generally, they are referred to as "interpretation in second saying in verb three" and "interpretation in dream" idiomatic semantics of interpretation: "interpretation is a real fact which Qoranic expressions and wisdoms are documented on it. Such a reality exists in the heart of all Qoranic verses, whether their original or their analogous. Such a reality does not come from their surface but it is from the hiddenite which is so high that cannot fit in to lexicon. God has entered them in to words to make human understand a small part of it (Tabatabai, 1982:75).   Interpretation is based on 3 methods: 1. justifying analogous, 2.finding a way to the heart pf verses. 3 Jary and collation the word "Jary" refers to exact movement a long location (Mostafavi, 1999:77). The word "collation" means placing something on something else, in such a way that cover each other (Ibn Manzur, 19830. two notes should be considered: 1-achiving semantic comprehensive ness, 2- achieving external significant for Jary and collation. Right adjustment cases: 1-expressing the general significance of words 2-expressing the specific significance of words 3-isolationg meaning and attributing specialty. 1-expresshng the general significance of word: some narrative verses narrate the significance of a general concept. In shams divan such a coincident current is seen: we move toward date root like holy Mary because there are not any dates on willow (shams divan, 1/261). Mowlavi compares date root with the alimentary aspect, taken from the hidden world to which Theo sophists harbor from upbraid and enjoy gods food .it refers to the verse: when the time of delivery come, Mary move toward date root (surah Maryam, 23). 2-expressing the specific significance of words: many Qoranic verses are considered specific and exact whether lexically or structurally and syntactically. There are no adverbs to give them specific significance, therefore, giving specific significance to each of them has got problem. Mowlavi’s poetry is filled with this adjustment technic. An example is provided here, which is Day light: because of this god said: I swear by Day light, and the heart of the prophet got luminous (Shams divan, 2/295). Mowlavi calls Prophet Mohammad: the clarifier, which is derived from the first verses of two Quranic surah: vaz-Zoha and vash-Shams. 3-isolating meaning and attributing specialty: the late Mr. Tabatabai believes that "many of Qoranic verses resemble proverbs which do not refer to elementary cases and there are applied in cases which fit their decadence.  This is one of the cases which refer to the coincident of holy Qoran (1983: 2/72). Mowlavi has correctly applied this case: Christ’s breathe like one hundred heavens, this material body has become by his favor: wind is jealous of Christ’s breath in reviving (shams divan, 5/17). Mowlavi compares spares springs breeze to the revival aspect of Christ’s breath. Of course, revival is one of the miracles of Jesus Chris. But, according to the principle of Jary and collation, attributing it to springs breath which is one of the traits of God, is not contrary and it can be said that the poet has attributed the characteristic: I created something like a bird by soil, then I breathed in it, then it became a bird (surah Ale Emran, 49).  Conclusion: Jary and collation in this article are considered for the adjustment of Qoranic verses which is based on semantic similarity with external cases including people and situations with specific rules. The basis of Jary and collation is the semantic solidarity and multiplicity of significance. One of the stylistic characteristics of Mowlavi in applying interpretive metaphors has triple degrees and it has many applications. He considers whim-oriented interpretation as invalid and recognizes the lauded interpretation which causes mobility and dose not negate the surface of words

ASPERGILLUS CHEMOTAXONOMY (II) ;FUNGAL AFLATOXIN G (G 1 AND G 2 ) PRODUCTION PATTERNS IN 24 DIFFERENT ANAMORPHIC SPECIES OF NORTHERN IRAN ISOLATES LABORATORY CULTURE MEDIA

ABSTRACT Mycotoxins are metabolites of fungi capable of having immunotoxic -carcinogenic effects in man and animals. Contamination with mycotoxins is a major problem of food and feeds storage which leads to adversely effects also economic losses influencing the public health and agriculture. While contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi is a major problem, and serum-based methods work on''one substance one assay'' concept as alternative approach, ELISA was used to identify directly these molds before the toxin production and then cheked by HPLC.Identification and specification of Aspergillus isolates from food and feed or environmental samples have resulted in development of more and more chemical technologies or molecular approaches.. We have started to diverge the attention toward the molecular technology in the clinical, forensic science an d regional agriculture sector in response of toxigen isolates nich by conducting more than 100 isolates obtained from northern provinces of Iran containing 24 distinctive species using ELISA/HPLC immunoassays in a double blinde investigation on whole 10 day old culture substrate resijuesrespectively. According to the findings of the examination of the correlation between aflatoxin values were measured by ELISA to measure the relationship between the Countercurrent out of the all cases (sig:0.00,z:-621/3) and numerically significant difference exists between them,comparisonly between the average aflatoxin G 1 and aflatoxin G 2 obtained by HPLC method there was not significant differences in the mean values of aflatoxin G 1 and G 2 despite of countercurrent relat ionship which consider these as 'gold standard' with reliable specificity and sensitivity regarding to FAO/WHO level definition by μ-ng/kg-g.Identification and typing of Aspergillus from cultures or environmental samples have resulted in development of mor e and more chemical technologies or other molecular approaches

Investigation of Genetic-molecular Sources of Multidrug Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Eggs

Background: Bacteria can be transmitted to consumers around the world due to the movement of animals, and food products. One of the most important sources of Salmonella transmission to humans is through eggs. Methods: 500 egg samples from 37 Iranian brands were extracted from Salmonella yolk and shell source and after confirmation by differential phenotypic methods and resistance test for tetracycline, cellophanamide and nitrofurantoin-furazolidone antibiotics were performed. DNA of strains was extracted and using PCR with specific primers, the presence of tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetG, tetE, tetE, tetH, sul (I), sul (II), sul (III), nfsA, nfsB were examined according to control DNA (ATCC14028). Results: Among the genes of teta, tetb.tetc, tetd, tete, tetf, tetg and teth, the presence of tetc was seen in 81% of the samples and not in 19% of them. Other tetracycline resistance genes were not found in the samples. Tracing of genes related to sulfonamide resistance by PCR showed that among the Sul1, Sul2, and Sul3 genes, sulfonamide resistance of Sul2 was observed in 95.5% of the samples and was not seen in 4.5% of the samples. Nitrofurantoin resistance genes in the samples showed that 9.1% of the samples contained nfsa gene and 4.5% contained nfsb gene. Other samples did not have any nitrofurantoin resistance gene. Conclusion: Improper use of antibiotics has caused multidrug resistance to Salmonella, so the study of genes and resistance mechanisms in Salmonella strains isolated from produced eggs in Iran is vital

A study on properties of Deoxynivalenol (DON) production in culture medium by Aspergillus Spp. isolates from Northern Iran

The increased fungi contaminations and related damages cause disease through production of toxins in animals and thus in humans. Since they are not easily distinguishable, then it is crucial to study their characteristics. Aspergillus are among the most important toxigenic fungi that are found abundantly in northern Iran habitat which is one of most important habitat of Iran and is the main source for many feed and food stuffs in the state. Hence, we aimed to study on properties of deoxynivalenol (DON) production in culture medium by 24 Aspergillus spp. isolates from northern Iran. Samples were collected from Northern Alborz and Southern Caspian Sea agricultural plants cultivation areas and processing centers. Samples were then isolated and identified based on CBS environmental sampling rules and ICPA diagnostic standards. They were cultured to stimulate the toxin production until the targeted toxin to be measured at culturing substrate and fungi biomass. Afterward, they were exposed to extraction and existing DON size were measured by ELISA technique Our results indicated that in addition to Fusarium, genus Aspergillus has a potent ability to produce DON toxin or alike molecules. However, validation of this issue needs further studies, in particular, by using advanced biochemical or genomic molecular techniques