Détection par un diapason de quartz en spectroscopie d'absorption infra-rouge

International audienceLes diapasons horlogers de quartz se sont avérés des détecteurs efficaces en spectroscopie IR, couplés à une détection synchrone. Cette étude montre la cartographie de la sensibilité du résonateur, semblable à la répartition des déformations. Elle démontre la nature photo-thermo-élastique de l'interaction, la sensibilité étant améliorée d'un ordre de grandeur quand le diapason est ré-encapsulé sous vide

Pre-service science teachers’ epistemological beliefs and teaching reforms in Tanzania

In an effort to understand why recent initiatives to promote learner-centred pedagogy in science teaching made a little change in the actual teaching practices of science teachers, this study explored pre-service science teachers’ beliefs about science knowledge and their teaching practices. Six pre-service science teachers were interviewed to explore their beliefs. Moreover, lessons taught by pre-service teachers were observed to see how their beliefs manifest in their teaching practices. This was followed by post-observation interviews focusing on critical incidences observed. Findings showed that pre-service science teachers hold dualist views about science. They viewed science knowledge to be simple, rigid and derivative of specific bodies of knowledge handed down by authorities such as textbooks and experts. Consistent with their beliefs, pre-service teachers asked factual questions and sought pre-determined textbook-based answers from students. They adopted transmissive teaching strategies to propagate textbook-based science knowledge. It was concluded that the way science teachers uptake the aspired learner-centred teaching may be partly due to incompatible beliefs they hold

The art of governing local education markets : Municipalities and school choice in Finland

Since the 1980s, numerous education reforms in Europe and beyond have sought to dismantle centralised bureaucracies and replace them with devolved systems of schooling that emphasise parental choice and competition between diversified types of schools. Despite this general trend, Finland continues to emphasise the municipal assignment of school places, albeit with the possibility of locally controlled choice. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the ways in which Finnish local education authorities – involving both officials and politicians – define themselves in relation to the changing conceptions of the Nordic welfare state model. The paper discusses the social costs and benefits of school choice in addition to the kinds of techniques these authorities use when aiming to control and manage the social costs and benefits of school choice. Based on nine in-depth thematic interviews with local education authorities, the modalities – having to, being-able, wanting and knowing how – will be analysed.Peer reviewe

Collecting data on board French tropical tuna purse seiners with common observers: results of Orthongel's voluntary observer program OCUP in the Atlantic Ocean (2013-2017)

In order to comply with the different regulations and commitments requesting the presence of scientific observers onboard French purse seiners, and since it is not possible to embark more than one observer during a fishing trip, ORTHONGEL has imagined and implemented since July 2013 a program to facilitate and optimize the boarding of well-trained scientific observers. This voluntary program, called OCUP for "Observateur Commun Unique et Permanent" (Common Permanent Unique Observer) was conducted with the Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Oceanic Développement (OD) and several coastal countries. It was implemented in both Atlantic and Indian Oceans where the fleet adherent to ORTHONGEL is active. This paper describes the methodology of the OCUP program and presents and discusses its main results, focusing on the Atlantic Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, 43 scientific observers from 6 African countries have been trained as OCUP. Together with 39 French observers from IRD and OD, 37 of these African scientific observers have covered more than 300 trips until September 1st, 2017 and the coverage of the French fleet has reached 100% since 2015. Since 2013, the OCUP program allows a better coverage of many fishing information such as bycatch or incidental catch and discards data but also provides the boat-owners information on the implementation of best practices aboard their vessels. Lessons learned from this program allow the authors to suggest a few recommendations

Collecting data on board French tropical tuna purse seiners with common observers : results of Orthongel's Voluntary Observer Program OCUP (2013-2017) in the Atlantic Ocean

International audienceIn order to comply with the different regulations and commitments requesting the presence of scientific observers onboard French purse seiners, and since it is not possible to embark more than one observer during a fishing trip, ORTHONGEL has imagined and implemented since July 2013 a program to facilitate and optimize the boarding of well-trained scientific observers. This voluntary program, called OCUP for "Observateur Commun Unique et Permanent" (Common Permanent Unique Observer) was conducted with the Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Oceanic Développement (OD) and several coastal countries. It was implemented in both Atlantic and Indian Oceans where the fleet adherent to ORTHONGEL is active. This paper describes the methodology of the OCUP program and presents and discusses its main results, focusing on the Atlantic Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, 43 scientific observers from 6 African countries have been trained as OCUP. Together with 39 French observers from IRD and OD, 37 of these African scientific observers have covered more than 300 trips until September 1 st , 2017 and the coverage of the French fleet has reached 100% since 2015. Since 2013, the OCUP program allows a better coverage of many fishing information such as bycatch or incidental catch and discards data but also provides the boat-owners information on the implementation of best practices aboard their vessels. Lessons learned from this program allow the authors to suggest a few recommendations.Afin de satisfaire aux différentes régulations et aux différents engagements pris par la flotte française de thoniers senneurs tropicaux, et puisqu'il n'est pas possible d'embarquer plus d'un observateur par marée, ORTHONGEL a imaginé et mis en place depuis 2013 un programme pour faciliter et optimiser l'embarquement d'observateurs scientifiques de bonne qualité. The programme volontaire, appelé OCUP (Observateur Commun Unique et Permanent) a été développé en collaboration avec l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Oceanic Dévelopement (OD) et plusieurs pays côtiers. Le programme a été mis en place dans les océans Atlantique et Indien où est active la flotte de senneurs adhérente d'ORTHONGEL. Ce document décrit la méthodologie du programme OCUP et présente et discute ses principaux résultats, en se concentrant sur le cas de l'Océan Atlantique. Dans cet océan, 43 observateurs de 6 pays Africains ont été formés comme observateur OCUP. En complément des 39 observateurs français employés par l'IRD et OD, 37 de ces observateurs africains ont réalisé plus de 300 marées d'observation à ce jour et le taux de couverture des marées observées a atteint 100% en 2015. Depuis 2013, le programme OCUP permet une meilleure couverture de nombreuses informations telles que les prises accessoires, les prises accidentelles d'espèces sensibles ou encore les rejets. Le programme fournit également aux armements des informations utiles sur le respect des bonnes pratiques à bord. Sur la base du retour d'expérience du programme, les auteurs formulent quelques recommandations